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Hypothesis Testing About A Mean 3

The document discusses statistical hypothesis testing, including defining the null and alternative hypotheses, types of errors, levels of significance, steps to conduct a hypothesis test, and illustrations of hypothesis tests on means. The key points are: 1. A hypothesis test involves the null hypothesis (H0), which represents the current belief, and the alternative hypothesis (Ha), which is the opposite of the null. The goal is to reject or fail to reject the null hypothesis. 2. There are two types of errors - Type I errors occur when rejecting a true null hypothesis, and Type II errors occur when failing to reject a false null hypothesis. 3. The level of significance is the probability of a Type I error (den

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142 views39 pages

Hypothesis Testing About A Mean 3

The document discusses statistical hypothesis testing, including defining the null and alternative hypotheses, types of errors, levels of significance, steps to conduct a hypothesis test, and illustrations of hypothesis tests on means. The key points are: 1. A hypothesis test involves the null hypothesis (H0), which represents the current belief, and the alternative hypothesis (Ha), which is the opposite of the null. The goal is to reject or fail to reject the null hypothesis. 2. There are two types of errors - Type I errors occur when rejecting a true null hypothesis, and Type II errors occur when failing to reject a false null hypothesis. 3. The level of significance is the probability of a Type I error (den

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ghosh71
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Hypothesis Testing

Statistical Hypothesis Test


• A hypothesis simply means mere assumption or some
supposition to be proved or disproved
• A statistical hypothesis test is a method of making
decisions using data, whether from a
controlled experiment or an observational study (not
controlled). In statistics, a result is called
statistically significant if it is unlikely to have occurred by
chance alone, according to a pre-determined threshold
probability, the significance level.
• The phrase "test of significance" was coined by
Ronald Fisher: "Critical tests of this kind may be called
tests of significance, and when such tests are available
we may discover whether a second sample is or is not
significantly different from the first
Null & Alternate Hypothesis
• The null hypothesis H0 represents the status quo or the current belief
in a situation
• The alternative hypothesis Ha is the opposite of the null hypothesis
and represents a research claim or specific inference
• If you reject the null hypothesis, you have statistical proof that
alternate hypothesis is correct
• If you do not reject the null hypothesis, then you have failed to prove
the alternate hypothesis. However it does not mean that you have
proven the null hypothesis
• The null hypothesis H0 always refers to a specified value of the
population parameter ( Such as μ ), not a sample statistic (Such as x
bar)
• The statement of the null hypothesis always contains an equal sign
regarding the specified value of the population parameter (H0:
µ=777)
• The statement of the alternative hypothesis never contains an equal
sign regarding the specified value of the population parameter (H0:
µ≠777)
  Statistics - Hypothesis Test
            

Decision Null Hypothesis True Null Hypothesis False

Reject Null
Type I Error Correct
Hypothesis

Fail to Reject Null


Hypothesis Correct Type II Error
(Accept)
Types of error

Table 2. Types of error

Type of decision H0 true H0 false

Reject H0 Type I error () Correct decision (1-)

Accept H0 Correct decision (1-) Type II error ()


Level of Significance
• The probability of committing type I error
denoted by α is referred as the level of
significance of the statistical test
• (1- α) is confidence co-efficient
Type I Error
Type II Error

Type II Error
The Risk
• The probability of Committing a type II
error is denoted by β
• (1-β) is the power of test
Steps for Hypothesis testing
1. State the null hypothesis
2. State the alternatively hypothesis
3. Choose the level of significance
4. Chose the sample size
5. Determine the appropriate statistical
technique & corresponding test statistic to
use
6. Set up the critical value that divide
rejection or non rejection regions
Steps for Hypothesis testing
7. Collect the data and compute the sample
value of the appropriate test statistic
( Mean, SD)
8. Determine the test statistic has fallen in to
rejection and non rejection regions
9. Make the statistical decision
10. Express the statistical decision in the
context of the problem
Flow Diagram
Hypothesis testing about one mean
Conditions of using the Normal
and t distributions in Testing
Hypothesis About Means
Two and One Tail Test
One Tail test (Right tail)
• A word of caution is
appropriate here.
Even if our sample
statistic does fall in
the non shaded
region (the region
that makes up 95 %
of the area under
the curve), this does
not prove that our
null hypothesis(H0) is
true; it simply does
not provide
statistical evidence
to reject it.
One Tail test (Right tail)
• A word of caution is
appropriate here.
Even if our sample
statistic does fall in
the non shaded
region (the region
that makes up 95 %
of the area under
the curve), this does
not prove that our
null hypothesis(H0) is
true; it simply does
not provide
statistical evidence
to reject it.
Frequency Distribution of Count
Test
Frequency
Diagram
Different Situation in Hypothesis
Testing
• Population may be normal or other than
normal
• Population may be finite or infinite
• Sample size may be large or small
• Variance of the population may be known
or unknown
• Alternate Hypothesis may be two sided or
one sided
Hypothesis testing of Mean
Hypothesis testing of Mean
Illustration 2
Illustration 3
Illustration 3 Contd.
Illustration 4
Illustration 4 (Continued)
Illustration 5 Continued
Illustration 5 Continued
Illustration 5 Continued
Illustration 6
Illustration 6 Continued
Illustration 6 Continued
Exercises for solving
1. A sample of 900 members is found to have a mean of
3.47 cm. Can it be reasonably regarded as a simple
sample from a large population with mean 3.23 cm and
standard deviation 2.31cm
2. The results of 192 count test on a large delivery of
worsted yarn shows the mean and standard deviation
as 31.13 tex and 0.79 tex respectively. The nominal
linear density of the yarn in the delivery was 32 tex and
the question arises as to whether the mean of the
delivery was different from the nominal.
3. One hundred ring bobbins are tested for count and the
mean count is found to be Ne 34.2. The frame is
nominally spinning Ne 34. If the standard deviation of
the population is 0.62, can we conclude that the frame
is really spinning off count?
Exercises for solving
4. A large corporation uses thousands of light bulbs ever
year. The brand that has been used in the past has an
average life of 1000 hours with a Standard deviation of
100 hours. A new brand is offered to the corporation at
a price far lower than one they are paying for the old
brand. It is decided that they will switch to new brand
unless it is proved with a level of significance of 5 %
that the new brand has smaller average life than the old
brand. A random sample of 100 new brand bulbs is
tested yielding an observed sample mean of 985 hours.
Assuming that the standard deviation of the new brand
is the same as that of the old brand
– What collusion should be drawn and what decision should be
made?
– What is the probability of accepting the new brand if it has the
mean life of 950 hours

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