Wireless and Mobile Communications

By
Abhijit Bhowmick
SENSE
VIT, Vellore, TN, India

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Consider a N-cell reuse pattern (hexagonal geometry) with base stations at
the centre of each cell with omni-directional antennas. What would be the
cluster size to ensure the minimum value of SIR = 15 dB. Assume path loss
exponent n = 2.5 and tire-1 interferers.

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A cellular system uses cluster size 7. It is operated with 20 channels /cell.
The users are uniformly distributed over the geographic area. Each user
generates 0.1 E of traffic and the target blocking probability is 2% . What
should be reduction in offered traffic to maintain the same GOS if 2
channels /cell is reserved for handoff traffic?

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Let us consider a cluster of 4 cells. There are 40 channels in all. The
probability of a call being delayed is 1%. The traffic intensity is 0.1 Erlang/user
and arrival rate of calls from a user is 6call/ hr. Find the probability that a call
is delayed more than 5 sec.

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In a cell, 600 users avail the network services. Each user makes an average
of 2 calls/hr and an average of five calls is used to lose in one hour. The
average call duration is 2 minutes. Find out the (a) GOS, (b) total duration of
period of congestion.

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 Recap

 Free space propagation model.

 Basic propagation mechanisms (Reflection, diffraction, and scattering).

 Lognormal shadowing.

 outage probability.

 coverage area

 Outdoor propagation models (Okumura and Hata)

 Indoor propagation model- partition loss

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 Transmission of information suffers from:

--- Path-loss due to the distance between Tx and Rx.

( Large Scale fading)

--- Rapid fluctuation of the amplitude, phases, or multipath delays of a radio

signal over a short period of time or travel distance.
(Small Scale fading)

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 Free space propagation model.

t Gr 
2
PG
Pr d  t
c
 4 
2
d 2L 
f
4 Ae 2D2
G df 
2 
2
d 
Pr  d   Pr  d 0   0  d  d0  d f
d 

2 2
PG t Gr 
2
E E Gr  2
Pr  d  t
 Ae 
 4  120 420 2
2 2
d L

V 2  Vant / 2
2 2
Vant
Pr  d    
Rant Rant 4 Rant

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 Free space propagation model.

 Basic propagation mechanisms (Reflection, diffraction, and scattering).

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 Reflection

 Two Ray model

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 Electric field

4 E0 d 0 ht hr
ET  d  
d 2
 Path loss
2 2
PG
t t Gr ht hr K
Pr (d )  
d4 d4

PL dB  40 log10 d   10log10 Gt  10log10 Gr  20 log10 ht  20 log10 hr 

 Prob.
A mobile is located 5 km away from a base station and uses a vertical monopole
antenna with a gain of 2.55 dB to receive cellular radio signals. The E-field at
1 km from the transmitter is measured to be 10 -3 V/m. The carrier frequency
used for this system is 900 MHz.

 Find the effective aperture of the antenna.

 Find the received power at the mobile using the two-way ground reflection model
assuming the height of the transmitting antenna is 50 m and the receiving antenna
is 1.5 m above ground.

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 Diffraction

Diffraction allows radio signals to propagate around the curved surface of earth,
beyond the horizon, and to propagate behind obstructions.

The received signal strength decreases rapidly as a receiver moves deeper into the
obstructed (shadowed) region.

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 Diffraction

 Knife-edge diffraction

h << d1 and d2

h>λ
 

   
 d  d2 
 h 1  considering tan x  x
 d1d 2 

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 Excess path length (  )

h 2  d1  d 2 

2 d1d 2
 Phase difference

2 h 2  d1  d 2 

 2 d1d 2

 Fresnel-Kirchoff diffraction parameter

2  d1  d 2  2d1d 2
vh 
 d1d 2   d1  d 2 
 Fresnel zone

n
2
2
n


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 Diffraction

 Fresnel zones There exists some concentric

circular paths between
transmitter and receiver. The
length of the path is greater
than LOS by n λ/2. These
circles are called Fresnel zone.


 n
2
2
n


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  Diffraction gain

Gd  dB   0 v  1

Gd  dB   20 log  0.5  0.62v  1  v  0

Gd  dB   20 log  0.5 exp( 0.95v )  0 v 1

Gd  dB   20 log  0.4  0.1184   0.38  0.1v  

2
1  v  2.4
 

 0.225 
Gd  dB   20 log   v  2.4
 v 

Here base of log is 10

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Diffraction loss is significant if the obstruction lies above the LOS.
If the obstruction lies below the LOS, diffraction loss is negligible.

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 Prob.
Compute the diffraction loss for h = 25 m. Consider   1 / 3; d1  d 2  1 km ;
Also indentify the Fresnel zone within which the tip of the obstruction lies.

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VITU
 Prob.
Compute the diffraction loss for the three cases shown below
a) h = 25 m
b) h = 0 m
c) h = -25 m

Consider   1 / 3; d1  d 2  1 km ;
Also indentify the Fresnel zone within which the tip of the obstruction lies.

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 Multiple Knife-edge diffraction

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 Prob.
ht = 50 m, hr = 25 m, hobs = 100 m, d1 = 10 km, d2 = 2 km and f= 900 MHz. Find

a) the loss due to knife-edge diffraction.

b) the height of the obstacle required to induce 6 dB diffraction loss.

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h ht  hr

d2 d1  d 2

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 Scattering

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 Practical Link Budget Design using Path Loss Models:

Log-distance Path Loss Model

n
 d 
PL(d)   
 d0 
 d 
 PL (d)  PL(d 0 )  10 nlog  
dB d
 0

Log-normal Shadowing

 d 
PL(d)  PL (d 0 )  10 nlog    X
dB
 d0 

X   zero meanGaussian random var iable

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The probability that the received signal level greater than
predefined threshold
   Pr  r  
P  Pr  r      Q  
  
 

Determination of percentage of coverage area

1
U ( ) 
 R2
 P  Pr  r     dA
2 R
1

 R2
  P  Pr  r     r dr d
0 0

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Thank you

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