Introduction to
Statistics
By:
Mariden P.Ramos
Ednalene D.Untalan
Statistic
oIn research ,statistic deals with the
systematic procedures of
collecting,organizing,analyzing
data,and drawing valid conclusions
from such data.
oData- “facts or pieces of
information
Example of data:
Ages of students in your statistics class:
19,21,18,18,34,30,25,26,24,24,19,18,21,49,27
Genders of the last eight people to walk
by:male,male,female,male,female,female,female,
male.
Two type of statistics
Descriptive statistics- consist of
organizing and summarizing
data.
Inferential statistics-consist of
using data you’ve measured to
form conclusions.
1.One of every 100 sheets of plywood
manufactured is tested to see if the
plywood is a strong as rated.
Inferential Statistics
2.A bar graph of areas study of all
currently enrolled Education students is
produced.
Descriptive Statistics
Example:
1.Let’s say there are 20 statistics classes at
your university ,and you’ve collected the
ages of students in one class .
Ages of the students in your statistics
class:19,21,18,18,34,30,25,26,24,24,19,18,
21,49,27
A descriptive question that could be asked
about this data :”What is the most common
age of the student in your statistics class?”
The answer in this case would be 18 .
An inferential question that could be asked
about this data: “Are the ages of the
students in this classroom similar to what
you would expect in normal statistics class
at this university?”
Population and Samples
Population – the group you are interested in studying.
Sample- a subset of the population
POPULATION SAMPLE
Populations and Sample
Let’s say you want to find the average GPA
of students at your university.Your university
has 20,000 students, and you select 100
students and ask them their GPAs.Your
population is the group you’re interested in
studying (the 20,000 students), and your
sample is a small group (a subset) you’ve
taken from the population .
Population vs Sample
Population Sample
M=Mean X =mean
S=standard deviation
σ =Standard deviation
Example:Average height Example: Average height of
of all KNHS students students in Grade 10 of KNHS
M=65 inches X=66.2
SAMPLE
POPULATION
100 students
20,000 students
Variable
Is a characteristics of an object we
seek to measure ,count
,enquire,observe ,or compute
Characteristics can be take on values
based on chance(probability)
Charateristics of People
Variable How to get Value Chances
Age Enquire 39 yrs More likely
Weight Measure 69.1 kg Likely
Height Measure 138cm Unlikely
BMI Compute (Wt/Ht) F36.3 Unlikely
Gender Observe F or M 50-50
No.of Kids Enquire 2 Likely
Charateristics of People
Observe: Eye colour – hazel,black, blue
Observe: Hair Color- black ,blonde
Measure:Blood pressure -120/80 mmHg
Measure: Blood type- O ,A ,B AB
Measure: Cholesterol level-160 mg/dl
Enquire: Smoke –No
Enquire:Number of Siblings -2
Kinds of Variable
1.Quantitative Variable-
derives its value from measurements
and gives to numerical data.
2.Qualitative Variables-
generates numerical data that can
arranged according to categories.
Discrete Variables
Can only take on finite number of different values
Between these are gaps,or values that do not exist
These values are usually obtained by counting
Example:
Number of students in a class
You can count the number of students in a class
The values can be 19,20,21,or 40 but it cannot be
19.8 or 36.7
Continuous Variables
Can take on infinite number of different values
Depending on the precision of the measuring
instrument.
There is no gap between values
These values are usually obtained by measurements
Example:
Weight of an adult
Although usually recorded to 1 decimal place such as
65.1 kg or 65.2 kg ,it is actually continuous
The limitation is really due to the precision of the
weighing scale.
Variable Qualitative/ N-O-I-R Remarks
Quantitative
Age Quantitative Ratio Continuous
Weight Quantitative Ratio Continuous
Height Quantitative Ratio Continuous
BMI Quantitative Ratio Continuous
Gender Qualitative Nominal Dichotomous
No.of kids Quantitative Ratio Discrete
Look Qualitative Ordinal Likert Scale
Technique of Sampling
o Simple Random Sampling- In this type
of sampling ,each member of the
population has an equal chance of being
included in the sample . (Calderon and
Gonzales,1993)
Population Sample
oSystematic Sampling-In this
technique ,every nth name in the list
may be selected to be included in the
sample.
oStratified Random Sampling-
Here,samples from the different
strata of the study population are
selected randomly.
Sratified Random Sampling
Strata
Strata
Population
Sample
Strata
Strata
o Cluster Sampling or Multistage Cluster
Sampling –This is used when the
population is so big or the geographical
area of the study is so large.The area or
population is first divided into clusters or
blocks.
o Puposive Sampling – using different
sampling techniques to create a sample
Cluster Sampling
Population
Sample
Multi Stage Sampling
Population SRS
Sample
Cluster
Steps in Computing the size of
the sample
1.Determine the size of the study
population .This is easily determined
form the scope and delimitation of the
study.
2.Decide on the margin of error should
not be higher that 5%.Probably ,3% is
an ideal one.
4.If the sampling is multistage or if the
population is stratified ,compute the
sample proportion(percent) by dividing the
result in the step 3 by the population
5.Multiply the number of sampling units in
each final sampling stratum by the
rate(percent) to find the sample form each
final smapling stratum
6.Add the sample from all the final
sampling strata.
Sampling Technique 2
Given:
Graduate student population in the
university belt:8795
Strata:Colleges and Universities
Solved for:
1.Computed sample size based on 3%
margin of error:986 students
The sample size is 11.21% of the
population
(maintain 2 decimal places )
2.The sample size of each
college/university based on the rate
equivalent of the study sample size
College/University Population Per College Population X .
College/University 1121=Sample Size
A 1550 174
B 947 106
C 849 100
D 750 84
E 1420 159
F 772 87
G 967 108
H 1495 168
Total 8795 986
