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Geotechnical Engineering 2: Present By: Japhet Parafina

Foundation settlement occurs when a structure shifts into the soil over time. The amount of settlement depends on soil moisture, with wet soils experiencing more movement. Differential settlement happens when different parts of a foundation sink unevenly, while uniform settlement means the entire structure settles equally. Common causes are poor foundation construction, weather changes altering soil moisture, inadequate soil compaction, expansive soil types, vegetation removing moisture, and vibrations disturbing the soil. Settlement is classified as immediate during construction or long-term consolidation over years as pressure squeezes water from compressible soils.

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45 views21 pages

Geotechnical Engineering 2: Present By: Japhet Parafina

Foundation settlement occurs when a structure shifts into the soil over time. The amount of settlement depends on soil moisture, with wet soils experiencing more movement. Differential settlement happens when different parts of a foundation sink unevenly, while uniform settlement means the entire structure settles equally. Common causes are poor foundation construction, weather changes altering soil moisture, inadequate soil compaction, expansive soil types, vegetation removing moisture, and vibrations disturbing the soil. Settlement is classified as immediate during construction or long-term consolidation over years as pressure squeezes water from compressible soils.

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jefferson v. sabado
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We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING 2

PRESENT BY: JAPHET PARAFINA


CONDESSA ANGEL RAIZ
JEFFERSON SABADO
VICTORIA MARIE FIGURACION
ANGEL JOE BERNARDO
WHAT IS SETTLEMENT OF
FOUNDATION
 Foundation settlement is the shifting of the foundation
(and the structure built upon it) into the soil. This can
cause damage to the structure. Whether the soil is moist or
dry is central to predicting the amount of settlement to
expect in a given foundation. Areas with moist soils will
have more foundation settlement than dry areas. The idea
is that as water is squeezed out from the soil, the structure
will shift according to the empty spaces the water left. The
more water, the more shift.
Signs of Foundation Settlement

 When the foundation to your home or office building has settled, it means that
there has been movement of the building below the position in which it was built.
The most common reasons for changes in the foundation include shifting soil,
changes in the soil or even changes in the moisture. Most houses experience some
settling after construction, but these are normally not significant. Knowing signs of
foundation settlement can help you address the issue in your home or avoid
purchasing a home with severe foundation movement.
TYPES OF FOUNDATION
SETTLEMENT
 DIFFERENTIAL FOUNDATION SETTLEMENT- Differential
settlement refers to the unequal settling of a building's piers or foundation that
can result in damage to the structure. The damage occurs when the foundation
sinks in different areas at different times. Differential or uneven settlement can
occur if the loads on the structure are unevenly distributed, variations in the soil
properties or due to construction related variations

 UNIFORM FOUNDATION SETTLEMENT-Total settlement refers


to the uniform settlement of the entire structure and occurs due to weight of the
structure and imposed loads. When all points settle with equal amount, the
settlement is called uniforms
FOUNDATION
SETTLEMENT CAUSES
POOR OR OLD FOUNDATION
CONSTRUCTION
 a foundation construction is crucial, as it can influence settlement. An old concrete
foundation may not have the proper reinforcement in place to withstand unexpected soil
movement.
EXTREME WEATHER CHANGES
 Heavy downpours oversaturated the soil, making it become soft and heavy. It
contrast, droughts cause gaps of compacted soil. Your home will settle into these
empty spaces. Freezing conditions will expand soil and bring it close to the surface.
SOIL CONSOLIDATION
 Contractors must use construction equipment to compact or consolidate the soil to best
support the bottom of your homes foundation. If fill soil is poorly compacted, or if it
isn’t compacted at all, the soil can cause the structure above the surface to settle
improperly.
SOIL CONDITION AND TYPE
 If you notice any changes in your soils integrity, foundation settlement may be case.
Additionally , the type of soil used around your foundation plays A big role.
Expansive soils, such as clay soil, are dense and quickly react to water, expanding
and contracting like sponges.
VEGETATION
 Plants and trees that are within close proximity to your home can cause settlement.
Vegetation, particularly tree roots, will take moisture from the soil. This is specially
common during droughts and period of prolonged dry weather. Dry conditions cause
the soil to shrink.
VIBRATIONS
 Vibration from earthquakes and even nearby traffic can cause soil to shift, which
can cause structural damage to your home.
IMMEDIATE SETTLEMENT
 It is also called short term settlement
 It is "immediate" because it occurs during and right after construction. It has
nothing to do with water displacement, but is merely caused by the weight of the
structure. In terms of building foundations, immediate settlement is relatively easy
to predict and measure. In many cases, given the nature of the soil, foundations are
constructed with the ability to withstand a certain amount of shift without damage.
 Immediate settlement analysis are used for all fine-grained soils including silts and
clays with a degree of saturation < 90% and for all coarse grained soils with large
co-efficient of permeability (say above 10.2 m/s)
 Immediate settlement takes place as the load is applied or within a time period of
about 7 days.
CONSOLIDATION SETTLEMENT
 is the settling of a foundation, over time, due to pressure exerted by the structure
and squeezes out the water content of the soil, thus compressing it. Expulsion of
moisture from the soil usually is a long-term process
 is distinguished from immediate settlement both by the duration of the settlement
and by displacement of water
The Leaning Tower of Pisa is the bell tower of the
Cathedral. Its construction was commenced in 1173 and
contiued haltingly over a period of 200 years! The tower
began “leaning” soon after construction began in 1173.
The inclination of the tower is attributed to the non-
uniform, sponge-like saturated clay soil on which the
foundation of the tower rests. The softer area within this
strata has settled more causing the tilt.
Several engineers have proposed plans to “straighten” the
tower. However, with its 800+ years of “leaning” history,
locals do not want the tower to be straightened. Every
few years some form of restoration is performed to
ensure that the tower does not become unstable or
collapse.
TWO PHASES OF CONSOLIDATION
Primary and Secondary Consolidation
 PRIMARY CONSOLIDATION SETTLEMENT- is more significant than
secondary in inorganic clays and silty soils. Primary consolidation is the most
significant and potentially harmful of the two. Primary consolidation takes quite a
bit of time, from weeks to years.

 SECONDARY CONSOLIDATION SETTLEMENT-is more important in the


case of all organic and highly compressible inorganic soils. Secondary
consolidation is the quicker result of primary consolidation. Once primary has
been completed, and all movable water has been moved, secondary kicks in.
Secondary consolidation occurs immediately after primary, and takes far less time
to complete.
THE END

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