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The Cell

The document summarizes the key components and structures of a generalized eukaryotic cell. It describes the three main parts: the plasma membrane, cytoplasm, and nucleus. The plasma membrane forms the outer boundary of the cell. The cytoplasm contains the cytosol and various organelles, including the endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi complex, mitochondria, lysosomes, and peroxisomes. The nucleus is the largest organelle and contains the cell's genetic material in the form of DNA packaged into chromosomes.

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Seira Susa
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34 views22 pages

The Cell

The document summarizes the key components and structures of a generalized eukaryotic cell. It describes the three main parts: the plasma membrane, cytoplasm, and nucleus. The plasma membrane forms the outer boundary of the cell. The cytoplasm contains the cytosol and various organelles, including the endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi complex, mitochondria, lysosomes, and peroxisomes. The nucleus is the largest organelle and contains the cell's genetic material in the form of DNA packaged into chromosomes.

Uploaded by

Seira Susa
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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The Cell

A Generalized Cell
• All eukaryotic cells are composed of three main parts:

1. Plasma membrane or “plasmalemma”

2. Cytoplasm - a gelatin-like substance, plus structural fibers and

organelles (but

not the nucleus)


3. Nucleus - contains the

genetic library of the cell


A Generalized Cell
1. The plasma membrane forms the cell’s outer boundary
and separates the cell’s internal environment from the
outside environment.
• It is a selectively permeable barrier,
allowing the passage of some
things and not others.
• It plays a role in
cellular communication.
2. The cytoplasm contains all the cellular contents
between the plasma membrane and the nucleus.
• The cytosol is the fluid portion (mostly water).
• Organelles are subcellular
structures embedded
in the cytosol, having
characteristic shapes
and specific functions.
A Generalized Cell
3. The nucleus is a large organelle that contains DNA in
molecules called chromosomes.
• Each chromosome consists of
a single molecule of DNA and
associated packaging proteins.
• A chromosome contains
thousands of hereditary
units called genes.
The Plasma Membrane
• The plasma membrane is much more than just a “fence”
– it is a flexible yet sturdy, “intelligent” semipermeable
regulator that:
• Covers and protects the cell

• Controls what goes in and comes out

• Links to other cells

• Flies certain “flags” to tell

other cells “who” it is


Cytoplasm - 2 Components
1. Cytosol - intracellular fluid, surrounding the organelles
- The site of many chemical reactions
- Energy is usually released by these reactions.
- Reactions provide the building blocks for cell maintenance, structure,
function and growth.

2. Organelles
- Specialized structures within the cell
The Cytoskeleton
• Network of protein filaments throughout the cytosol
• Provides structural support for the cell
The Cytoskeleton
• Types
• Microfilaments
• Intermediate
filaments
• Microtubules
Organelles
• Centrosome - located near the nucleus, consists of
two centrioles and pericentriolar material
Organelles
• Cilia - short, hair-like
projections from the
cell surface, move
fluids along a cell
surface
• Flagella - longer than
cilia, move an entire
cell; only example is
the sperm cell’s tail
Organelles
• Ribosomes - sites of protein synthesis
Organelles
• Endoplasmic reticulum - network of
membranes in the shape of flattened
sacs or tubules

- Rough ER - connected to the


nuclear envelope, a series of
flattened sacs, surface is studded
with ribosomes, produces various
proteins

-Smooth ER - a network of
membrane tubules, does not have
ribosomes, synthesizes fatty acids
and steroids, detoxifies certain drugs
Organelles
• Golgi complex - consists of 3–20 flattened,
membranous sacs called cisternae.
- Modify, sort, and package proteins for transport
to different destinations.
- Proteins are transported by various vesicles .
Processing and Packaging
Organelles
• Lysosomes - vesicles that form from the Golgi complex
and contain powerful digestive enzymes
Organelles
• Peroxisomes
• Smaller than lysosomes
• Detoxify several toxic substances such as alcohol
• Abundant in the liver
• Proteasomes
• Continuously destroy unneeded, damaged, or faulty proteins
• Found in the cytosol and the nucleus
Organelles
Mitochondria - the “powerhouses” of the cell
• Generate ATP
• More prevalent in physiologically active cells: muscles, liver and
kidneys
• Have inner and outer mitochondrial membranes similar in structure
to the plasma membrane
• Cristae - the series of folds of the inner membrane
• Matrix - the large central fluid-filled cavity
• Self-replicate during times of increased cellular demand or before
cell division
• Contain own DNA
• Inherited only from your mother
Spermatozoa
• The acrosome is a cap-like vesicle filled with enzymes
(hyaluronidase and proteases)
that help a sperm to penetrate
a secondary oocyte to bring about
fertilization
• The middle piece contains many
mitochondria which provide
the energy (ATP) for locomotion
Mitochondria
Organelles - Nucleus
• Spherical or oval shaped structure
• Usually most prominent feature of a cell
• Nuclear envelope - a double membrane that separates the nucleus from the
cytoplasm
• Nuclear pores - numerous openings in the nuclear envelope, control
movement of substances between nucleus and cytoplasm
• Nucleolus - spherical body that produces ribosomes
• Genes - the cell’s hereditary units, control activities and structure of the cell
• Chromosomes - long molecules of DNA combined with protein molecules
Nucleus

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