Masonry: Construction Method and Project Management

MASONRY
CONSTRUCTION METHOD AND PROJECT MANAGEMENT

MASONRY CONSTRUCTION
• Masonry may be defined as the construction of building units bonded tougher with mortar .
• Masonry is generally a highly durable form of construction. However, the materials used, the
quality of the mortar and workmanship, and the pattern in which the units are assembled can
significantly affect the durability of the over all masonry construction.
• Brick and concrete block are the most common types of masonry in use in industrialized nations
and may be either weight-bearing or a veneer.
• Concrete blocks, especially those with hollow cores, offer various possibilities in masonry
construction. They generally provide great compressive strength, and are best suited to structures
with light transverse loading when the cores remain unfilled. Filling some or all of the cores with
concrete or concrete with steel reinforcement (typically rebar) offers much greater tensile and
lateral strength to structures.
POTICAR, ARVIN R. QUIAMCO, JERSON KEVIN S. RAMOS, MAUREEN DEINTY C. SISON, AULLYRIE VYEN P.
MASONRY CONSTRUCTION
• Stone masonry
• Brick masonry
• Composite masonry
• Cavity walls
• Lintel & Arches
• Concrete Hollow Block
Some Important Terms Used In
Masonry
STRETCHER
A brick, laid with its length
horizontal and parallel with
the face of the wall or other
masonry member.
HEADER
A brick laid, so that only its
end shows on the face of a wall
COURSE
Each horizontal layer of bricks
laid in mortar in a brick work
BOND
Bond is the arrangement of
bricks or stones in each course,
so as to ensure the greatest
possible interlocking and to
avoid the continuity of vertical
joints in two successive
courses, both on the face and in
the body of a wall
SOLDIER
A unit laid on its end with its
face perpendicular to the face
or the wall.
MORTAR
It is a cement mixture used to
bind masonry units to each
other and provide strength to
the structure.
PLASTER
It is a mortar of cementitious
material (lime, gypsum or
cement), sand, and water which
is applied in coats to masonry
surfaces to give a hard finish
surface to interior or exterior
walls and ceilings.
STONE MASONRY
STONE
MASONRY
Rock, that is removed from its natural
site and generally, cut or dressed and
then finished for building purposes, is
called "Stone" and the art of building
the structure with stones as
constructional units is called
"Stone masonry".
MAIN TYPES OF STONE MASONRY
RUBBLE MASONRY ASHLAR MASONRY
• Coursed rubble masonry • Ashlar Fine masonry

• Un-Coursed rubble masonry. • Ashlar Rough Tooled
• Random rubble masonry • Rock (or) Quarry Faced
• Polygonal rubble masonry • Ashlar Chamfered
• Flint rubble masonry • Ashlar Block in Course
• Dry rubble masonry • AshlAr Facing
RUBBLE
MASONRY
The stone masonry in which either
undressed or roughly dressed stones are
laid is called "Rubble masonry".
In this masonry, the joints of mortar are
not of uniform thickness
The strength of rubble masonry depend
on:
 The Quality of Mortar .
 The use of long through stones.
 The proper filling of mortar
between the spaces of stones
ASHLAR
MASONRY
 The stone masonry in which finely
dressed stones are laid in cement or lime
mortar, is known as "Ashlar masonry".
 In this masonry all the joints are
regular, thin, and of uniform thickness.
 This type of masonry is costly in
construction as involves heavy cost of
dressing of stones.
 This masonry is used for heavy
structures, arches, architectural buildings,
high piers, abutments of bridges, etc.
BRICK MASONRY
BRICK
MASONRY
Brick masonry is a highly durable
form of construction. It is built by
placing bricks in mortar in a systematic
manner to construct solid mass that
withstand exerted loads. There are
several types of bricks and number of
mortars which can be used to
construct brick masonry.
TYPES OF BRICKS
SOLID BRICKS:
CORED BRICKS:
TYPES OF BONDS
• Stretching Bond
• Heading Bond
• English Bond
BONDS
• Flemish Bond Bond, in masonry, systematic
arrangement of bricks or
• Double Flemish Bond
other building units composing
• Single Flemish Bond a wall or structure in such a way as
to ensure its stability and strength.
• Garden Wall Bond The various types of bond may also
• English Garden Wall Bond have a secondary, decorative
• Flemish Garden Wall Bond function.
• Raking Bond
• Herring Bone Bond
• Diagonal Bond
• Dutch Bond
COMPOSITE WALL
COMPOSITE
WALL
When walls are constructed with two or
more types building materials, it is
termed as composite masonry.
The composite masonry is adopted due
to following reasons:
• It reduces overall cost of
construction.
• It improves the appearance of the
structure by concealing the
inferior work.
• It makes the use of locally
available materials, to obtain
optimum economy .
COMPOSITE
WALL
The usual combinations adopted to obtain
composite masonry can be listed as below:
• Stone Facing with brick backing.
• Stone slab Facing with brick baking.
• Brick Facing with concrete baking.
• Ashlar facing with brick backing.
• Ashlar facing with rubble backing
CAVITY WALL
CAVITY WALL
Cavity walls consist of two 'skins‘
separated by a hollow space.
The skins are commonly masonry such
as brick or concrete block.
Masonry is an absorbent material, and
therefore will slowly draw rainwater or
even humidity into the wall.
The cavity serves as a way to drain this
water back out through weep holes at
the base of the wall system or above
windows, but is not necessarily vented.
MAIN FUNCTIONS OF CAVITY WALL
• Strength
• Stability
• Weather exclusion
• Thermal Insulation
• Sound Insulation
• Durability
• Fire resistance
• Appearance
Part of a cavity wall with the internal skin removed to expose the Insulation.
Return corner of a cavity wall in stretcher bond including
wall ties and DPC
CAVITY
QUOIN
WALL TIE
PERPENDICULAR
D. P. C. MORTAR JOINT
HORIZONTAL
MORTAR JOINT
ADVANTAGE OF CAVITY WALL
• The moisture cannot enter from outer wall to inner wall, since there is no direct contact.
• Provide good insulation against sound.
• Protection against efflorescence.
• Proves economical during construction.
• Load on the foundation is reduced.
• Reduction of heat transfer ,since air layer between leaves acts as non-conductor of heat.
LINTEL AND ARCHES
LINTEL
A lintel is defined as a horizontal
structural member which is placed
across the opening
CLASSIFICATION OF LINTEL
Lintels are classified into the following types, according to the materials of their
construction:
• Timber lintels
• Stone lintels
• Brick lintels
• Reinforced Brick lintels
• Steel lintels
• Reinforced cement concrete lintels
ARCHES
The structure constructed of wedge
shaped block of stones or bricks
,jointed together with mortar and
provided across the opening to carry
the weight of the structure above the
opening.
CONCRETE BLOCK MASONRY
CONCRETE
BLOCK
MASONRY
• These are the concrete blocks either
hollow or solid.
• A hollow unit is that unit which has core
void area greater than 25% of the
gross area.
• They may be used for both load bearing
as well as non load bearing walls.
CONCRETE
HOLLOW
BLOCK (CHB)
Concrete Hollow Blocks (CHB), are
one of the most extensively used
walling materials in the Philippines.
Some of the reasons for this is their
relative low cost when compared to
other materials and speed of installation
by semi-skilled laborers. CHB walls are
very weak against lateral loads
(pushing or pulling forces from
typhoon or earthquake). Adding steel
reinforcing bars vertically and
horizontally inside the CHBs can
increase their resistance to lateral loads
Typical applications in humanitarian shelter projects:
• Concrete blocks have been installed between the reinforced concrete columns, up to the level of
the window sill of core shelter.
• As non-loadbearing infill between reinforced concrete columns and beams (frames). Often in
humanitarian projects in the Philippines, CHBs are installed between reinforced concrete columns
up to the window sill level, then lightweight walling materials such as timber framing cladded
with amakan, plywood or bamboo are installed above.
• As loadbearing infill between reinforced concrete columns and beams in confined masonry
buildings. The CHBs are reinforced with vertical and horizontal steel bars connected to the
reinforced concrete columns and beams, increasing their resistance to lateral loads.
• As load bearing reinforced CHB in reinforced masonry buildings. The CHBs are reinforced with
vertical and horizontal steel bars increasing their resistance to lateral loads.
CONCRETE HOLLOW BLOCKS
Advantages Standard product size in Length – 40cm, Height – 20cm, Depth 10cm (4”)
and 15 cm (6”)
the Philippines
• Readily available product Product and material Crushed coarse sand or gravel is optimal for the
• Good thermal and sound resistance manufacture of CHBs. Avoid sand sourced from
• High fire resistance quality rivers and coastal areas (sea sand). The quality of
• Can be reinforced to increase lateral CHBs varies significantly from one supplier to
resistance against earthquakes and the next
typhoons
• 20+ years lifespan
Suppliers Sand and gravel: Widely available in the Visayas

region from local suppliers. Cement: As above
CHBs: It is recommended to procure products
from suppliers with products certified by the
Department of Trade and Industry (DTI) and
Department of Public Works and Highways
(DPWH). Check for PS and ICC markings on the
cement to ensure product meets required
specifications. (Refer to reference section for
Challenges further information).
• Local sourcing of good quality raw Environmental Consider more environmentally friendly
materials and CHBs can be difficult alternatives where available, eg: Interlocking
considerations compressed earth blocks (ICEB), Case study:
CONCRETE HOLLOW BLOCKS
Existing standards for CHBs and CHB wall construction in the Philippines
Load bearing walls • 6” CHBs

• CHBs used must be Type I Class A or B unit, confirming with ASTM C-90- 70
Minimum compressive • 5.41 mPa (800psi) - For individual CHBs 6.89 mPa (1000psi) - Based on the
average gross area of 5 units
strength
Non-load bearing walls • 4” CHBs
• Applications include: walls, partitions, fences, dividers
Steel bars • To be laid in mortar 1 part of Portland cement and 3 parts of sand (1:3) Vertical
and horizontal spacing as specified by a structural engineer.
Mortar and grout • Type 1,2,3 or Type 4 Portland Cement confirming to ASTM C-150. Standard
mix to the building code specifications
RUNNING
BOND
It is the most common type of
laying in which concrete
hollow blocks are staggered.
Spacing
Vertical: 600 mm
Horizontal: every 3 layers
STACK BOND
Concrete hollow blocks are laid
in straight lines. It does not
have overlapping units
compared to running bond.
Spacing
Vertical: 400 mm cc
Horizontal: every 3 layers
VIDEO LINKS
• MASONRY ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES: https://youtu.be/nXHrdBeV5PY
• COURSE TYPE: https://youtu.be/HkKs2I-UKHs
• PLASTERING: https://youtu.be/Y_PnDo4z9a8
• STONE WALL: https://youtu.be/GQ9M0kh8pRk?list=WL
• BRICK WALL: https://youtu.be/g1IH0bfzmDc
• CAVITY WALL: https://youtu.be/m68CkmEUZZI
• CAVITY CLOSER: https://youtu.be/6W6uj68sYCQ
• CHB: https://youtu.be/oqhLgY85NOQ

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MASONRY

CONSTRUCTION METHOD AND PROJECT MANAGEMENT

RUBBLE MASONRY ASHLAR MASONRY

• Coursed rubble masonry • Ashlar Fine masonry

Suppliers Sand and gravel: Widely available in the Visayas

Load bearing walls • 6” CHBs

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