The document discusses object-oriented programming principles including classes, objects, polymorphism, inheritance, and encapsulation. It also covers defining classes, creating class diagrams, and understanding public and private access for classes.
The document discusses object-oriented programming principles including classes, objects, polymorphism, inheritance, and encapsulation. It also covers defining classes, creating class diagrams, and understanding public and private access for classes.
The document discusses object-oriented programming principles including classes, objects, polymorphism, inheritance, and encapsulation. It also covers defining classes, creating class diagrams, and understanding public and private access for classes.
The document discusses object-oriented programming principles including classes, objects, polymorphism, inheritance, and encapsulation. It also covers defining classes, creating class diagrams, and understanding public and private access for classes.
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Programming Logic and Design
Ninth Edition
Chapter 10 Object-Oriented Programming
Programming Logic and Design, Ninth Edition 1
Objectives In this chapter, you will learn about: • The principles of object-oriented programming • Classes • Public and private access • Ways to organize classes • Instance methods • Static methods • Using objects
Programming Logic and Design, Ninth Edition 2
Principles of Object-Oriented Programming • Object-oriented programming (OOP) – A programming model that focuses on an application’s components and data and the methods to manipulate them • Uses all of the familiar concepts from modular procedural programming – Variables, methods, passing arguments – Sequence, selection, and looping structures – But involves a different way of thinking
Programming Logic and Design, Ninth Edition 3
Principles of Object-Oriented Programming (continued)
Classes and Objects • Class – Describes a group or collection of objects with common attributes • Object - One instance of a class – Sometimes called one instantiation of a class – When a program creates an object, it instantiates the object • Example – Class name: dog – Attributes: name, age, hasShots – Methods: changeName, updateShots Programming Logic and Design, Ninth Edition 5 Classes and Objects (continued -1)
• Attributes – Characteristics that define an object as part of a class – Example • Automobile’s attributes: make, model, year, and purchase price • Methods – Actions that alter, use, or retrieve the attributes – Example • Methods for changing an automobile’s running status, gear, speed, and cleanliness
Programming Logic and Design, Ninth Edition 6
Classes and Objects (continued -2)
Programming Logic and Design, Ninth Edition 7
Classes and Objects (continued -3)
• Think in an object-oriented manner
– Everything is an object – Every object is a member of a class • Is-a relationship – “My oak desk with the scratch on top is a Desk” • Class reusability • Class’s instance variables – Data components of a class that belong to every instantiated object – Often called fields Programming Logic and Design, Ninth Edition 8 Classes and Objects (continued -4)
• State – A set of all the values or contents of a class object’s instance variables • Every object that is an instance of a class possesses the same methods • Create classes from which objects will be instantiated • Class client or class user – A program or class that instantiates objects of another prewritten class Programming Logic and Design, Ninth Edition 9 Polymorphism • The world is full of objects – A door is an object that needs to be open or closed – But an “open” procedure works differently on different objects • Open a door • Open a drawer • Open a bank account • Open a file • Open your eyes – One “open” procedure can open anything if it gets the correct arguments
Programming Logic and Design, Ninth Edition 10
Polymorphism (continued)
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Inheritance • Inheritance – The process of acquiring the traits of one’s predecessors • Example – A door with a stained glass window inherits all the attributes (doorknob, hinges) and methods (open and close) of a door • Once you create an object – Develop new objects that possess all the traits of the original object – Plus new traits
Programming Logic and Design, Ninth Edition 12
Encapsulation • Encapsulation – The process of combining all of an object’s attributes and methods into a single package • Information hiding (also called data hiding) – Other classes should not alter an object’s attributes • Outside classes should only be allowed to make a request that an attribute be altered – It is up to the class’s methods to determine whether the request is appropriate
Programming Logic and Design, Ninth Edition 13
Defining Classes and Creating Class Diagrams • Class definition – A set of program statements – Characteristics of the class’s objects and the methods that can be applied to its objects • Three parts: – Every class has a name – Most classes contain data (not required) – Most classes contain methods (not required)
Programming Logic and Design, Ninth Edition 14
Defining Classes and Creating Class Diagrams (continued -1)
• Declaring a class – Does not create any actual objects • After an object is instantiated – Methods can be accessed using an identifier, a dot, and a method call – myAssistant.setHourlyWage(16.75) • Employee myAssistant – Declare the myAssistant object – Contains all the data fields – Access to all methods contained within the class Programming Logic and Design, Ninth Edition 15 Defining Classes and Creating Class Diagrams (continued -2)
Programming Logic and Design, Ninth Edition 16
Defining Classes and Creating Class Diagrams (continued -3)
• Programmers call the classes they write user-
defined types – More accurately called programmer-defined types – OOP programmers call them abstract data types (ADTs) – Simple numbers and characters are called primitive data types • “Black box” – The ability to use methods without knowing the details of their contents – A feature of encapsulation
Programming Logic and Design, Ninth Edition 17
Creating Class Diagrams • Class diagram – Three sections • Top: contains the name of the class • Middle: contains the names and data types of the attributes • Bottom: contains the methods
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Creating Class Diagrams (continued -1)
• Purpose of Employee class methods
– Two of the methods accept values from the outside world – Three of the methods send data to the outside world – One method performs work within the class
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Creating Class Diagrams (continued -2)
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The Set Methods • Set method (also called mutator method) – Sets the values of data fields within the class void setLastName(string name) lastName = name return mySecretary.setLastName("Johnson") – No requirement that such methods start with the set prefix – Some languages allow you to create a property to set field values instead of creating a set method
Programming Logic and Design, Ninth Edition 21
The Set Methods (continued)
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The Get Methods • Get method (also called accessor method) • Purpose is to return a value to the world outside the class string getLastName() return lastName • Value returned from a get method can be used as any other variable of its type would be used
Programming Logic and Design, Ninth Edition 23
Work Methods • Work method (also called help method, or faciltator) – performs tasks within a class
Understanding Public and Private Access • You do not want any outside programs or methods to alter your class’s data fields unless you have control over the process • Prevent outsiders from changing your data – Force other programs and methods to use a method that is part of the class • Specify that data fields have private access – Data cannot be accessed by any method that is not part of the class
Programming Logic and Design, Ninth Edition 26
Understanding Public and Private Access (continued -1)
• Public access – Other programs and methods may use the methods that control access to the private data • Access specifier – Also called an access modifier – An adjective defining the type of access that outside classes will have to the attribute or method • public or private
Programming Logic and Design, Ninth Edition 27
Understanding Public and Private Access (continued -2)
Programming Logic and Design, Ninth Edition 28
Understanding Public and Private Access (continued -3)
• Don’t do it: – myAssistant.hourlyWage = 15.00 • Instead: – myAssistant.setHourlyWage(15.00) • Methods may be private; don’t do it: – myAssistant.calculateWeeklyPay()
Programming Logic and Design, Ninth Edition 29
Understanding Public and Private Access (continued -4)
Programming Logic and Design, Ninth Edition 30
Organizing Classes • Most programmers place data fields in logical order at the beginning of a class – An ID number is most likely used as a unique identifier • Primary key – Flexibility in how you position data fields • In some languages, you can organize a class’s data fields and methods in any order
Programming Logic and Design, Ninth Edition 31
Organizing Classes (continued)
• Class method ordering
– Alphabetical – Pairs of get and set methods – Same order as the data fields are defined – All accessor (get) methods together and all mutator (set) methods together
Programming Logic and Design, Ninth Edition 32
Understanding Instance Methods • Every object that is an instance of a class is assumed to possess the same data and have access to the same methods
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Understanding Instance Methods (continued -1)
Programming Logic and Design, Ninth Edition 34
Understanding Instance Methods (continued -2)
• Instance method – Method that works appropriately with different objects – If you create 100 Students and assign grade point averages to each of them, you would need 100 storage locations in computer memory • Only one copy of each instance method is stored in memory – The computer needs a way to determine whose gradePointAverage is being set or retrieved
Programming Logic and Design, Ninth Edition 35
Understanding Instance Methods (continued -3)
Programming Logic and Design, Ninth Edition 36
Understanding Instance Methods (continued -4)
• this reference – An automatically created variable – Holds the address of an object – Passes it to an instance method whenever the method is called – Refers to “this particular object” using the method – Implicitly passed as a parameter to each instance method
Programming Logic and Design, Ninth Edition 37
Understanding Instance Methods (continued -5)
• Identifiers within the method always mean exactly
the same thing – Any field name defined in the class – this, followed by a dot, followed by the same field name • Example of an occasion when you might use the this reference explicitly
Programming Logic and Design, Ninth Edition 38
Understanding Instance Methods (continued -6)
Programming Logic and Design, Ninth Edition 39
Understanding Static Methods • Some methods do not require a this reference • displayStudentMotto() – A class method instead of an instance method • Two types of methods – Static methods (also called class methods) • Methods for which no object needs to exist – Nonstatic methods • Methods that exist to be used with an object • Student.displayStudentMotto()
Programming Logic and Design, Ninth Edition 40
Understanding Static Methods (continued)
Programming Logic and Design, Ninth Edition 41
Using Objects • You can use objects like you would use any other simpler data type • InventoryItem class – Pass to an object to a method – Return an object from a method – Use an array of objects
Programming Logic and Design, Ninth Edition 42
Using Objects (continued)
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Passing an Object to a Method
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Returning an Object from a Method
Programming Logic and Design, Ninth Edition 45
Returning an Object from a Method (continued)
Programming Logic and Design, Ninth Edition 46
Using Arrays of Objects
Programming Logic and Design, Ninth Edition 47
Summary • Classes – Basic building blocks of object-oriented programming • Class definition – A set of program statements that tell you the characteristics of the class’s objects and the methods that can be applied to its objects • Object-oriented programmers – Specify that their data fields will have private access • As classes get more complex, organizing becomes more important Programming Logic and Design, Ninth Edition 48 Summary (continued -1)
for every object instantiated from a class • A class can contain two types of methods: – Static methods, which are also known as class methods and do not receive a this reference as an implicit parameter – Nonstatic methods, which are instance methods and do receive a this reference implicitly
Programming Logic and Design, Ninth Edition 49
Summary (continued -2)
• Objects can be used in many of the same ways you
use items of simpler data types, such as passing them to and from methods and storing them in arrays
