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Digital Engineering: Pulse Modulation

Pulse modulation is a system of modulation where pulses are altered and controlled to represent information being communicated. The aim is to transfer analog signals over digital transmission systems. Pulse amplitude modulation (PAM) transmits data by varying voltage amplitudes of pulses. Pulse-code modulation (PCM) is a standard method to digitally represent analog signals by regularly sampling and quantizing the signal amplitude. Time-division multiplexing divides the time domain into timeslots to transmit multiple signals simultaneously by taking turns on the channel.

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25 views13 pages

Digital Engineering: Pulse Modulation

Pulse modulation is a system of modulation where pulses are altered and controlled to represent information being communicated. The aim is to transfer analog signals over digital transmission systems. Pulse amplitude modulation (PAM) transmits data by varying voltage amplitudes of pulses. Pulse-code modulation (PCM) is a standard method to digitally represent analog signals by regularly sampling and quantizing the signal amplitude. Time-division multiplexing divides the time domain into timeslots to transmit multiple signals simultaneously by taking turns on the channel.

Uploaded by

alexlorenzo9mm
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© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Digital Engineering

Pulse Modulation
PULSE MODULATION
A system of modulation in which pulses are altered and
controlled in order to represent the message to be
communicated.
the modulation of the amplitude, a characteristic, etc. of
a sequence of pulses in order to convey information: often
used in codes
The aim of pulse modulation methods is to transfer a
narrowband analog signal, for example a phone call over a
wideband baseband channel or, in some of the schemes,
as a bit stream over another digital transmission system.
Pulse Amplitude Modulation (PAM)
is the simplest form of pulse modulation. This
technique transmits data by varying the voltage or
power amplitudes of individual pulses in a timed
sequence of electromagnetic pulses. In other words,
the data to be transmitted is encoded in the amplitude
of a series of signal pulses. PAM can also be used for
generating additional pulse modulations.
Pulse Amplitude Modulation (PAM)
Bandwidth
is the difference between the upper and lower
frequencies in a contiguous set of frequencies. It is
typically measured in hertz, and may sometimes refer
to passband bandwidth, sometimes to baseband
bandwidth, depending on context

fl fo fh
Quantization
is the process of approximating ("mapping") a
continuous range of values (or a very large set of
possible discrete values) by a relatively small ("finite")
set of ("values which can still take on continuous
range") discrete symbols or integer values.
Pulse-code modulation (PCM)
is a method used to digitally represent sampled analog
signals, which was invented by Alec Reeves in 1937. It
is the standard form for digital audio in computers and
various Blu-ray, Compact Disc and DVD formats, as
well as other uses such as digital telephone systems.
A PCM stream is a digital representation of an analog
signal, in which the magnitude of the analogue signal
is sampled regularly at uniform intervals, with each
sample being quantized to the nearest value within a
range of digital steps.
Pulse-code modulation (PCM)
PCM streams have two basic properties that
determine their fidelity to the original analog signal:
the sampling rate, which is the number of times per
second that samples are taken; and the bit depth,
which determines the number of possible digital
values that each sample can take.
Pulse-code modulation (PCM)

Sampling and quantization of a signal (red) for 4-bit PCM


Time-division multiplexing
is a type of digital or (rarely) analog multiplexing in
which two or more signals or bit streams are
transferred apparently simultaneously as sub-channels
in one communication channel, but are physically
taking turns on the channel.
The time domain is divided into several recurrent
timeslots of fixed length, one for each sub-channel. A
sample byte or data block of sub-channel 1 is
transmitted during timeslot 1, sub-channel 2 during
timeslot 2, etc.
Differential Pulse Code Modulation
is a procedure of converting an analog into a digital
signal in which an analog signal is sampled and then
the difference between the actual sample value and its
predicted value (predicted value is based on previous
sample or samples) is quantized and then encoded
forming a digital value.
DPCM code words represent differences between
samples unlike PCM where code words represented a
sample value.
Delta modulation
is an analog-to-digital and digital-to-analog signal
conversion technique used for transmission of voice
information where quality is not of primary
importance.
DM is the simplest form of differential
pulse-code modulation (DPCM) where the difference
between successive samples is encoded into n-bit data
streams. In delta modulation, the transmitted data is
reduced to a 1-bit data stream.
Adaptive delta modulation
continuously variable slope delta modulation (CVSD)
is a modification of DM in which the step size is not
fixed. Rather, when several consecutive bits have the
same direction value, the encoder and decoder assume
that slope overload is occurring, and the step size
becomes progressively larger.
Otherwise, the step size becomes gradually smaller
over time. ADM reduces slope error,at the expense of
increasing quantizing error.This error can be reduced
by using a low pass filter.

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