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LAB 01 Intro To Matlab

Matlab is an interactive programming environment for numerical computation, visualization, and programming. It allows users to analyze data, develop algorithms, and create models and applications. Key features include built-in math and statistical functions, programming language constructs, graphical visualization tools, and customizable toolboxes. Matlab handles matrices and arrays as fundamental data types and is commonly used in engineering and science applications.

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113 views26 pages

LAB 01 Intro To Matlab

Matlab is an interactive programming environment for numerical computation, visualization, and programming. It allows users to analyze data, develop algorithms, and create models and applications. Key features include built-in math and statistical functions, programming language constructs, graphical visualization tools, and customizable toolboxes. Matlab handles matrices and arrays as fundamental data types and is commonly used in engineering and science applications.

Uploaded by

Kashif Iqbal
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Control Systems

INTRODUCTION TO MATLAB
LAB# 01
Introduction to Matlab

• What is Matlab?
– Matlab is a commercial “MATrix LABoratory” package by

Mathworks, which operates as an interactive programming


environment with graphical output.
– The MATLAB programming language is exceptionally straight
forward since almost every data object is assumed to be an Array.
– In engineering MATLAB is displacing popular programming
languages, due to its interactive interface, reliable algorithmic
foundation, fully extensible environment and availability of different
tool boxes.
Introduction to MATLAB

• Entering and Running MATLAB


– On a system running Microsoft Windows double click on the
Matlab icon to launch Matlab.
– A command window will appear with the prompt >> you are now
in MATLAB.
• Leaving Matlab
– A MATLAB session may be terminated by simply typing
>> quit or by typing >>exit at the MATLAB prompt.
• Online Help
Online help is available from the MATLAB prompt both generally and
for specific commands.
>> help
>> help demo
Desktop Tools (Matlab v7)

• Command Window
– type commands
Workspace
– view program variables
– clear to clear
– double click on a variable to see it in the Array Editor

• Command History
– view past commands
– save a whole session using diary
Variables

• MATLAB is case sensitive, that is


‘a’ is not the same as ‘A’
– MATLAB has built in variables like pi, eps and ans.
– The variable ans will keep track of the last output which was not
assigned to another variable.
• Variable Assignment:
– The equality sign is used to assigned values to variables.
• >> x = 3 y=x^2
– Out put can be suppressed by appending a semicolon to the
command lines.
• >> x = 3 ; y=x^2;
Variables

• Active Variables:
– Who
• Removing Variables
– Clear x
– Clear
• Saving and Restoring Variables
– Save filename
– Load filename
Variable Arithmetic

• Operator precedence
– 2 + 3 *4 ^ 2
• Double Precision Arithmetic
– Normally the results will be displayed in a shorter form.
• a = sqrt( 2 ) >> a = 1.4142
– Format long
• b = sqrt ( 2 ) >> b = 1.41421356……….
– Format short
• Command Line Editing
– The arrow keys allow “ command line editing”
Built in Mathematical Functions

Functions Meaning Examples


Sin sine sin ( pi )=0.0
Cos cosine cos ( pi )=1.0
Tan tangent tan ( pi / 4)=1.0
Exp exponential exp(1.0)=2.7183
log natural log log(2.7183)=1.0
• Arguments to trigonometric functions are given in radians.
– x= pi / 3;
– sin( x ) ^ 2 + cos ( x ) ^ 2 = ?
Matrices

• The element within a row of a matrix may be separated by a commas


as well as a blank.
• The elements of a matrix being created are enclosed by brackets.
• A matrix is entered in “row major order” [i.e. all of the first row, then
all of the second row; etc];
• Rows are separated by semicolon [or a new line], and the elements of
the row may be separated by either a comma or space.
• The following commands will create a 3 x 3 matrix and assigned it to
the variable A.
– >> A = [1 2 3; 4 5 6; 7 8 9]; or A = [1,2,3;4,5,6;7,8,9]
– >> A = [ 1 2 3
4 5 6
7 8 9]
Matrices

• The matrix element located in the i-th row and j-th column
of A is referred to in the usual way:
– >> A (1 , 2), A ( 2 , 3)
• Matrices can be easily modified:
– A ( 2 , 3 ) = 10;
• Building Matrices from a Block:
– Large matrices can be assembled from smaller matrix blocks i.e.
• C = [A;10 11 12];
• [A; A; A]
• [A, A, A]
• >> B = [A, zeros(3,2); zeros(2,3), eye( 2 ) ] ?
Built in Matrix Functions

Function Description
diag return diagonal M.E as a vector
eye identity matrix
magic magic squares
ones matrix of ones
rand randomly generated matrix
zeros matrix of zeros
Built in Matrix Functions

• Matrices of Random Entries:


– >> rand ( 3 )
– >> rand ( m , n )
• Magic Squares:
– A magic square is a square matrix which has equal sums along all its rows
and columns.
– >> magic ( 4 )
• Matrix of Ones:
– >> eye ( m , n )
– >> eye ( n )
• Matrices of Zeros:
– >> zeros ( m , n )
– >> zeros ( n )
• Diagonal Matrices:
– >> diag (A)
• diag ( diag ( A ) ) ?
Matrix Operations

+ Addition .* element-by-element mul


- Subtraction ./ element-by-element div
* Multiplication .^ element-by-element power
^ Power .‘ transpose
‘ Transpose
/ Division

* If the sizes of the matrices are incompatible for the matrix


operation, an error message will result.
Matrix Operations
• Matrix Transpose:
– >> A’
• Matrix Addition / Subtraction:
– A + B, A – B
• Matrix Multiplication;
– A * B , B * A.
• Round Floating Point Numbers to Integers:
– >> f = [-.5 .1 .5 ]
– round (f)
– ceil (f)
– floor (f)
– sum (f)
– prod (f)
• Matrix Element Level Operations:
– The matrix operation of addition and subtraction are already operates on an
element by element basis but other operation given above do not.
– Matlab has a convention in which a dot in front of the operations is used.
– i.e [1 , 2 , 3 , 4 ] . * [ 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 ]
– [1,2,3,4 ].^ 2
Operators (relational, logical)

== equal
~= not equal
< less than
<= less than or equal
> greater than
>= greater than or equal

& AND
| OR
~ NOT
Branching Constructs

• If – end Construct: • If - elseif - end Construct:

if < condition >, if < condition1 >,

< program > < program 1>

end elseif <condition2>

• If - else - end Construct: < program2 >

end
if < condition 1 >,
< program 1>
else
< program2 >
end
Looping Constructs

• For Loops: • Nested For Loops:

for i = 1 : n , for i = 1 : n ,
< program>, for j = 1 : n ,
end A(i,j) = i/j ;
end
end
• While Loops:

while < condition >,


< program >,
end
Matlab M-files

• Matlab commands can be run from one file without having


to enter each command one by one at Matlab prompt.
• In order to use the programs later in Matlab they are to be
saved first.
• For this purpose programs should be written in the editor /
debugger.
– In command window go to File menu, new and select M-file.
– Code your algorithm
– Execute it from the command window by typing file name
Matlab User Defined Function

• Matlab User Defined Function can have an input and output.


• Arguments can be passed to a function for computation
• For this purpose programs should be written in the editor / debugger.
– In command window go to File menu, new and select M-file.
– function add
x = 3; y = 5;
z=x+y
– Save the file and write add at the command prompt
– function addv (x,y)
Z=x+y
– Save the file and write addv(5,6) at the command prompt
– % is used for commenting in front of a statement
Input/ Output

• Request User Input


– data=input(‘message’);
– data=input(‘message’,’s’)
• Ouput Data
– disp(‘message’)
– disp(variable_name)
Matlab Graphics

x = 0:pi/100:2*pi;
y = sin(x);
plot(x,y)
xlabel('x = 0:2\pi')
ylabel('Sine of x')
title('Plot of the
Sine Function')
Multiple Graphs

t = 0:pi/100:2*pi;
y1=sin(t);
y2=sin(t+pi/2);
plot(t,y1,t,y2)
grid on
Multiple Graphs

x = 0 : .01 : 2 * pi;
y1= sin (x);
y2 =sin (2*x);
y3 = sin (4*x);
plot(x,y1,‘--',x,y2,‘-‘,x,y3,‘+')
grid
title ('Dashed line and dotted
line graph')
Multiple Plots

t = 0:pi/100:2*pi;
y1=sin(t);
y2=sin(t+pi/2);
subplot(2,2,1)
plot(t,y1)
subplot(2,2,2)
plot(t,y2)
Three Dimensional Graphics

x = -1:.1:1 ;
y = -1:.1:1;
for i=1:1:length(x)
for j=1:1:length(y)
z(i,j)=x(i)^2+y(j)^2;
end
end
mesh(z);
Graph Functions (summary)
• plot (x,y) linear plot
• plot (x,y1,x,y2) multiple plots on the same graph
• mesh(z) 3-D graph
• stem (x) discrete plot
• xlabel (‘X-axis label ’) add X-axis label
• ylabel (‘Y-axis label ’) add Y-axis label
• title (‘title of plot’) add graph title
• subplot (m,n,p) divide figure window
• grid add grid lines
• hold hold current graph in the figure
• zoom allow zoom in/out using mouse
• figure create new figure window
• pause wait for user response

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