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Personality, Perception, & Attribution Nelson & Quick

This document summarizes key topics related to personality, social perception, and attribution from Chapter 3. It discusses factors that influence individual behavior, including personality traits, perception, attribution, attitudes, values, and ethics. It also covers theories of personality like trait theory and psychodynamic theory. Social perception involves interpreting information about others based on perceiver and target characteristics. Attribution theory examines how people explain the causes of behavior.

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Miss A.
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102 views24 pages

Personality, Perception, & Attribution Nelson & Quick

This document summarizes key topics related to personality, social perception, and attribution from Chapter 3. It discusses factors that influence individual behavior, including personality traits, perception, attribution, attitudes, values, and ethics. It also covers theories of personality like trait theory and psychodynamic theory. Social perception involves interpreting information about others based on perceiver and target characteristics. Attribution theory examines how people explain the causes of behavior.

Uploaded by

Miss A.
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Chapter 3

Personality, Perception,
& Attribution
Nelson & Quick
Variables Influencing
Individual Behavior
The Person
• skills & abilities
• personality
• perception
• attribution
• attitudes
• values
• ethics
Variables Influencing
Individual Behavior
The Person
• skills & abilities The Environment
• personality • organization
• perception • work group
• attribution • job
• attitudes • personal life
• values
• ethics
Variables Influencing
Individual Behavior
The Person
• skills & abilities The Environment
• personality • organization
• perception • work group
• attribution • job
• attitudes • personal life
• values
• ethics

Behavior
Interactional Psychology
Approach
The Person
• skills & abilities The Environment
• personality • organization
• perception • work group
• attribution • job
• attitudes • personal life
• values
• ethics

Behavior
B = f(P,E)
Definition of Personality

Personality - A relatively stable set of


characteristics that influence an
individual’s behavior
Personality Theories
Trait Theory - understand individuals by breaking
down behavior patterns into observable traits
Psychodynamic Theory - emphasizes the
unconscious determinants of behavior
Humanistic Theory - emphasizes individual growth
and improvement
Integrative Approach - describes personality as a
composite of an individual’s psychological
processes
Big Five Personality Traits

Extraversion Gregarious, assertive,


sociable
Agreeableness Cooperative, warm,
agreeable
Conscientiousness Hardworking, organized,
dependable
Emotional stability Calm, self-confidant,
cool
Openness to Creative, curious,
Experience cultured

Sources: P.T. Costa and R. R. McCrae, The NEO_PI Personality Inventory (Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources,
1992) and J.F. Salgado, “The Five Factor Model of Personality and Job Performance in the European Community,” Journal of
Applied Psychology, 82 (1997): 30-43.)
Personality Characteristics
in Organizations
Locus of Control
Internal External
I control what People and
happens to me! circumstances
control my fate!
Personality Characteristics
in Organizations
Self - Esteem
Feelings of Self-Worth

Success tends Failure tends


to increase to decrease
self-esteem self-esteem
Personality Characteristics
in Organizations
Self - Monitoring
Behavior based on cues from people & situations
• High self-monitors • Low self-monitors
– flexible: adjust – act from internal states
behavior according to rather than from
the situation and the situational cues
behavior of others – show consistency
– can appear – less likely to respond
unpredictable & to work group norms or
inconsistent supervisory feedback
Personality Characteristics
in Organizations
Positive Affect - An individual’s tendency
to accentuate the positive aspects of
oneself, other people, and the world in
general
Negative Affect - An individual’s tendency
to accentuate the negative aspects of
oneself, other people, and the world in
general
Personality Characteristics
in Organizations

A strong
situation can
overwhelm the effects
of individual personalities
by providing strong cues
for appropriate
behavior
Personality Characteristics
in Organizations

Strong
personalities
will dominate
in a weak
situation
How is Personality Measured?
Projective Test - elicits an individual’s response to
abstract stimuli
Behavioral Measures - personality assessments that
involve observing an individual’s behavior in a
controlled situation
Self-Report Questionnaire - assessment involving an
individual’s responses to questions
Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) - instrument
measuring Jung’s theory of individual differences.
Myers-Briggs Type Indicator
• Based on Carl Jung’s work
– People are fundamentally different
– People are fundamentally alike
– People have preference combinations for
extraversion/introversion, perception,
judgment
• Briggs & Myers developed the MBTI to
understand individual differences
MBTI Preferences

Preferences Represents

Extraversion Introversion How one


re-energizes
Sensing Intuiting How one gathers
information
Thinking Feeling How one makes
decisions
Judging Perceiving How one orients to the
outer world
Social Perception

Social Perception -
interpreting information
about another person
Social Perception

Social Perception -
interpreting information
about another person

Perceiver Characteristics
• Familiarity with target
• Attitudes/Mood
• Self-Concept
• Cognitive structure
Social Perception

Social Perception -
interpreting information
about another person

Perceiver Characteristics Target Characteristics


• Familiarity with target • Physical appearance
• Attitudes/Mood • Verbal communication
• Self-Concept • Nonverbal cues
• Cognitive structure • Intentions
Social Perception

Social Perception -
interpreting information
about another person

Perceiver Characteristics Target Characteristics


• Familiarity with target • Physical appearance
• Attitudes/Mood • Verbal communication
• Self-Concept • Nonverbal cues
• Cognitive structure • Intentions
Situational Characteristics
• Interaction context
• Strength of situational cues
Barriers to Social Perception

• Selective perception
• Stereotyping
• First-impression Social Perception -
interpreting information
error about another person
• Implicit personality
theory
• Self-fulfilling
prophecies
Impression Management
Impression Management - individuals try to
control the impression others have of them
– Name dropping
– Appearance
– Self-description
– Flattery
– Favors
– Agreement with opinion
Attribution Theory
Attribution - explains how individuals
pinpoint the causes of the behavior of
themselves or others

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