Lathe is one of the oldest important machine tools in the metal
working industry. A lathe operates on the principle of a rotating
work piece and a fixed cutting tool.
A rope wound round the work with its own end attached to a
flexible branch of tree and other end being pulled by man caused job
to rotate intermittently. With its further development a strip of
wood called “lath” was used to support the rope and that is how the
machine came to be known as “lathe”.
The cutting tool is feed into the workpiece, which rotates about its
own axis, causing the workpiece to be formed to the desired shape.
Lathe machine is also known as “the mother/father of the entire
tool family”.
The Lathe Machine is one of the oldest and most
important machine tools. As early as 1569, wood lathes
were in use in France. The lathe machine was adapted to
metal cutting in England during the Industrial Revolution.
Lathe machine also called “Engine Lathe” because the
first type of lathe was driven by a steam engine.
Henry Maudsley was born on an
isolated farm near Gigghleswick in
North Yorkshire and educated at
University Collage London. He was
an outstandingly brilliant medical
student, collecting ten Gold Medals
and graduating with an M.D. degree
in 1857.
Engine lathes are classified according to the various designs of
headstock and methods of transmitting power to the machine.
1. Belt Driven Lathe
2.Motor Driven Lathe
3.Gear Head Lathe
The power to the engine lathe spindle may be given with the help of
a belt drive from an overhead line shaft but most modern machines
have a captive motor with either a cone pulley driven or an geared
headstock arrangement.
A tool room lathe having
features similar to an engine lathe
is much more accurately built and
has a wide range of spindle speeds
ranging from a very low to a quite
high speed up to 2500 rpm.
This lathe is mainly used for
precision work on a tools, dies,
gauges, and in machining work
where accuracy is needed.
This lathe machine is costlier
than an engine lathe of the same
size.
Once tools are set and the machine is started
it performs automatically all the operations to
finish the job.
After the job is complete, the machine will
continue to repeat the cycles producing identical
parts.
An operator can maintain five or six such a types of
lathes at a time simply look after the general
maintenance of the machine and cutting tools.
It has heavier construction and provides wider range of
speeds.
The saddle carrying the turret head moves along the
whole length of the bed. Much longer jobs can be
machined.
Turret head directly mounted on the saddle. The front
tool post can carry 4 tools and rear tool post may have 1
or 2 tools. Turret may have4 to 6 tools.
More than one tool may be set to operate
simultaneously. There is no lead screw.
• This is heavy rugged casting
made to support the working
parts of lathe and also guide
and align major parts of
lathe.
• Made to support working
parts of lathe.
• On top section are
machined ways.
• Guide and align major
parts of lathe.
• The headstock houses
the main spindle,speed
change mechanism, and
change gears.
• The headstock is
required to be made as
robust as possible due to
the cutting forces
involved,which can distort
a lightly built housing.
TOP VIEW
The arrangement which are employed in feed gear boxes to
obtain multispindle speeds and different rates of feeds are:
I. Sliding Gear Mechanism
II. Sliding Clutch Mechanism
III. Gear Cone And Tumbler Gear Mechanism
IV. Sliding Key Mechanism
V. Combination of any two or more of the above
• Usually two or three levers must be moved to obtain the
desired combination within a given range.
Movement of entire carriage assembly along the bed provides
feed for the tool parallel to the lathe axis.
The compound rest can be swiveled on the cross slide in the
horizontal plane about vertical axis.
To the front of the carriage is attached the apron. It is fastened
to the saddle and hangs over the front of the bed.
The apron houses the automatic feed mechanism for
longitudinal and cross feeds and the split nut for thread cutting.
In tail stock jobs of different lengths are provided
with quill which can be moved in and out by means of
a screw and then locked in position.
The movement of the quill is parallel to the lathe axis.
The quill has a tapered bore into which is fitted a
hardened centre which locates and holds the w/p
when turning between centre.
This bore may also be used for supporting tools for
operations like drilling and reaming.
•Engages clutch that provides automatic feed to
carriage.
• Feed-change lever can be set for longitudinal
feed or for cross-feed.
• In neutral position, permits split-nut lever to
be engaged for thread cutting.
• Carriage moved automatically when split-nut
lever engaged
•Distance carriage will travel in one revolution of
spindle.
• Depends on speed of feed rod or lead screw.
• Controlled by change gears in quick-change
gearbox.
• Obtains drive from headstock spindle through end
gear train.
• Chart mounted on front of quick-change gearbox
indicates various feeds.
Parts of an Engine Lathe_low.mp4
- Forholding cylindrical
stock centered.
- For facing/center
drilling etc.
- This is independent
chuck generally has
four jaws , which are
adjusted individually
on the chuck face by
means of adjusting
screws.
-Collet chuck is
used to hold
small work
pieces.
-Thin jobs can
be held by
means of
magnetic
chucks.
Don’t touch cutter or chips while
machine is running.
Make sure work is clamped tightly in
chuck or collet.
Be careful to stay clear of chuck jaws.
All lathe operators must be constantly aware of the safety.
Handle sharp cutters, centres, and drills with care.
Remove chuck keys and wrenches before operating.
Always wear protective eye protection.
Always stop the lathe before making adjustments.
Know where the emergency stop is before operating the
lathe.
Correct dress is important, remove rings and watches.
Do not change spindle speeds until the lathe comes to a
complete stop.
Lathes are highly accurate machine tools
designed to operate around the clock if
properly operated and maintained. Lathes must
be lubricated and checked for adjustment
before operation. Improper lubrication or loose
nuts and bolts can cause excessive wear and
dangerous operating conditions.
Lathes are normally robust in construction and they
will, with good care, last for many years. It is not
unusual for instance to see good lathes still in uses that
are 50 years old. To ensure good, accurate, trouble free
use it is necessary that the correct maintenance routines
are regularly carried out and that important surfaces such
as slide-ways are kept well protected so as to reduce
wear and thus maintain good accuracy, and the
lubricants used, are all factors that require your
attention.
THANK YOU..
