TODAY’S COVERAGE

• 1.) ENGLISH UNIT SYSTEM

• 2.) REPRESENTATION OF VECTORS USING RECTANGULAR

COMPONENTS

• 3.) VECTOR MULTIPLICATION

 U.S. CUSTOMARY UNIT TIME CONVERSION FACTOR EQUALS SI UNIT
ACCURATE PRACTICAL
MASS ACCURATE PRACTICAL

pound-mass lb 0.453592 0.45 kilogram kg

FORCE

pound-force lb 4.44822 4.45 newton n

kip(1000pounds-force) k 4.44822 4.45 kilonewton kN

LENGTH

foot ft 0.3048 0.305 meter m

inch in 25.4 25.4 millimeter mm

mile mi 1.609344 1.61 kilometer Km

CLASSIFICATIONS OF FORCE SYSTEMS
 REPRESENTATION OF VECTORS USING -The fundamentals of vectors preceding this topic
RECTANGULAR COMPONENTS are independent of coordinate systems.

+Y AXIS BEFORE: We solve

problems without using
the Cartesian coordinate
FY F system.
ϴ
-X AXIS +X AXIS
FX

IMPRACTICAL to use
-Y AXIS Parallelogram law for
FX=Fcosϴ this kind of system

FY=Fsinϴ
EXPRESSING VECTORS INTO RECTANGULAR
COMPONENTS
+Y
3
FX
FY F
2 F Fx =FcosϴX
FY ϴ y FY
1 ϴ Fy =Fcosϴy
ϴx
-X +X
FX FX
1 2 3
FX= 3N F= 3i + 3j N
Fy= 3N F= √(3)2 + (3)2
-Y F= 3√2 N or 4.243N
i, j and k are unit vectors of 1 length unit
in the cartesian plane parallel to the x, y
and z axis, respectively.
F= Fxi + Fyj + Fzk N (or lb in English RECTANGULAR
REPRESENTATION OF
system) FORCE VECTORS
 Note: Fx, Fy, Fz are +Z
vector
components of F
Fzk
-X
F
ϴz
ϴy F yj
ϴx
-Y +Y
If vector A is resolved
into its rectangular Fxi
representation:
+X
F = Fxi + Fyj + Fzk
Fx=Fcosϴx
Fy=Fcosϴy
+Z AXIS
Fz=Fcosϴz
 +Z
a. The magnitude of A is related to its scalar
Fzk components which is the sum of the squares of its
components.
F
F=√Fx2 + Fy2 +Fz2
Fz Fyj
+Y
Fxy =√Fx2 + Fy2
Fxi Fxy
F=√Fxy2 +Fz2
+X

Fzk

λz F λ
the sum of the squares of direction
ϴz λz
cosϴz= cosines is equal to 1
ϴx ϴy F yj λ
cos2ϴx+cos2ϴy+cos2ϴz=1
λx
cosϴx=
Fxi λ

λy
cosϴy=
λ
SOLVING FOR THE RESULTANT OF VECTORS USING
RECTANGULAR COMPONENTS(VECTOR
ADDITION.

R=A+B
R= Rxi + Ryi + Rzk N+Y R=A+B BY
R= (Ax + Bx)i + (AY + BY)j + (AZ + BZ)k N B RY= AY + BY
R=A+B
B
R = √Rx +Ry +RZ
2 2 2

R=√(Ax + Bx)2 + (AY + BY)2 +A(AZ + BZ)2 AY

-X +X A

AX BX
OR SIMPLY -Y
RX= AX + BX
R= √(Rx)2 +(Ry)2
Where RX = ∑Fx and RY = ∑Fy
 Determine P and ϴ so that the three forces show are Note: Principle of Transmissibility
equivalent to the single force R = 85i + 20j kN. “A force may be moved anywhere along its line of action
without changing its external effects on a rigid body.”
Write the rectangular representation of P.
+Y -Pytel A. & KIUSALAAS J., Understanding Engineering
P Mechanics

Free-Body Diagram of a Body

-is a drawing of the body showing all applied forces that act
ϴ on it.
-X +X
30kN 60⁰ Rx = Pcosϴ + (40kN)cos60 - 30kN Combine equation
1 and 2
85kN = Pcosϴ -10kN
40kN
Pcosϴ = 95kN = P 95kN 54.64102kN
x =P =
95kN cosϴ sinϴ
-Y Equation 1
P=
R = 85i + 20j kN cosϴ
tanϴ =.5751686
Rx = 85 kN Ry = Psinϴ - (40kN)sin60 ϴ= 29.91⁰ P =109.60kN,ϴ=29.91⁰
Ry = 20 kN 20 = Psinϴ - (40kN)sin60 Equation 1
95kN P =95i + 54.64j kN
Psinϴ=54.64102k = PY P=
N 54.64102kN cos29.91
P= Equation 2 P =109.60kN
sinϴ
Referring to Fig a. determine the components of A with respect to he
positive axes and show the rectangular representation of it; and the angles
between A and each of the positive coordinate axes.
+Z +Z
A=12N
Az
A=12N Az 30⁰
30⁰ 30⁰
Axy
O +Y +Y
Ax Ay Az = 12cos30⁰
40⁰ 40⁰Axy
Az=10.39N

+X +X Axy= 12sin30
Axy= 6N

Ax= 6cos40
A= 4.60i + 3.86j + 10.39k N
Ax= 4.596N
Axy
Ax 40⁰ Ay= 6sin40
Ay= 3.857N

Ay
 AY
+Z COSϴY=
A
A
3.86
Az COSϴY=
ϴz=30⁰ 12
ϴY
ϴY=71.24⁰
ϴx ϴy AY
+Y
Ay
Ax

+X

Ax
COSϴx=
A
A
4.60
COSϴx=
12
ϴx
ϴx=67.46⁰
Ax
A = Axi + Ayj + Azk b.) Vector addition using
rectangular components
OR the Resultant of two or more
λX AX vectors using rectangular
cosϴX= =
λ A components
AX=Aλx +Y

CX = AX + BX
Ay=Aλy C =A+B B BY
Az=Aλz
A AY
-X +X
A = Aλxi + Aλyj + Aλzk AX BX
A = A(λxi + λyj + λzk)
CX = A X + B X
-Y

C=A+B
C= Cxi + Cyj + Czk
C= (Ax + Bx)i + (AY + BY)j + (AZ + BZ)k
 -X

PZ

30⁰
+Y

PZ=22.98 30N

A = Axi + Ayj + Azk

50⁰ P-XY=19.28N
30⁰ A = Axi + Ayj + Azk

P-XY=19.28N
P-X=9.64
30⁰
PY=16.7N