Logical

Statements and
Quantifiers
GED0103 Mathematics in the Modern World
Outline
i. What is logic?
ii. Logic Statements
iii. Simple Statements and Compound Statements
iv. Compound Statements and Grouping Symbols
v. Quantifiers and Negation
 I. What is
Logic?
is the science of correct reasoning
Use of Logic

 To communicate more effectively

 To construct valid arguments
 To analyze legal contracts
 To make decisions
 To design computer software (programmers)
to design circuits for smartphones (electrical engineers)
 To solve problems and construct mathematical proofs (mathematicians)

N. Blas GED0103 Mathematics in the Modern World Module 2: Logic

 Consider the following:

 Juan is intelligent
 My dog loves me.
 Happy Birthday!
 Can we be friends?
 Today is Tuesday.

N. Blas GED0103 Mathematics in the Modern World Module 2: Logic

 II. Mathematical
Statements/Statements
A statement is a declarative sentence that is either true or false, but not both.
*** Declarative sentence tells us something or gives information THAT YOU CAN VERIFY if it is true or
false.

It may not be necessary to determine whether a sentence is true to determine whether it is a statement. For
instance, consider the following sentence.

Catriona Gray is Miss Universe 2017.

You may not know if the sentence is true, but you do know that the sentence is either true or it is false, and that it
is not both true and false. Thus, you know that the sentence is a statement.

 In symbols, they are assigned in lower case letter: p, q, r, s,…

N. Blas GED0103 Mathematics in the Modern World Module 2: Logic

 Examples of statements:  Examples of NOT statements:
✘ 
 (TRUE)
 (FALSE)  Happy Birthday!
 Today is Thursday.  Tweet me. (command)
 January has 31 days.  Can we be friends? (question)
 Juan is intelligent. (opinion)

N. Blas GED0103 Mathematics in the Modern World Module 2: Logic

III. Simple Statements and Compound
Statements
A simple statement is a statement that conveys a single idea.
A compound statement is a statement that conveys two or more ideas.

Examples:
 Today is March 16, 2020. (Simple statement)
 Metro Manila is under community quarantine. (Simple statement)
 Today is March 16, 2020 and Metro Manila is under community quarantine. (Compound statement)
 Today is not March 16, 2020 or yesterday was a Sunday. (Compound statement)

N. Blas GED0103 Mathematics in the Modern World Module 2: Logic

 Logic Connectives and Symbols

Statement Connective Symbolic form Type of

statement
not not
not negation
negation
and and
and conjunction
conjunction
or or
or disjunction
disjunction
If , then If … then conditional
If … then conditional
if and only if if and only if biconditionl
if and only if biconditionl

N. Blas GED0103 Mathematics in the Modern World Module 2: Logic

  Example:
Consider the following simple statements.
Today is Friday.
It is raining.
I am going to a movie.
I am not going to the basketball game.

Write the following compound statements in symbolic form.

a) Today is not Friday and I am going to a movie.

b) I am going to the basketball game and I am not going to a movie.
c) I am going to the movie if and only if it is raining.
d) If today is Friday, then I am not going to a movie.

N. Blas GED0103 Mathematics in the Modern World Module 2: Logic

 Consider the following simple statements.
Today is Friday.
It is raining.
I am going to a movie.
I am not going to the basketball game.
Write the following compound statements in symbolic form.
SOLUTION:
a) Today is not Friday and I am going to a movie.
Answer:
b) I am going to the basketball game and I am not going to a movie.
Answer:
c) I am going to the movie if and only if it is raining.
Answer:
d) If today is Friday, then I am not going to a movie.
Answer:
N. Blas GED0103 Mathematics in the Modern World Module 2: Logic
IV. Compound Statements and Grouping
Symbols
If a compound statement is written in symbolic form, then parentheses are used to indicate which
simple statements are grouped together.

Symbolic form The parentheses indicate that:

and are grouped together.
and are grouped together.
and are grouped together.
and are also grouped together

N. Blas GED0103 Mathematics in the Modern World Module 2: Logic

 If a compound statement is written as an English sentence, then a comma is used to
indicate which simple statements are grouped together. Statements on the same side
of a comma are grouped together.

English sentence The comma indicates that:

and or not and are grouped together because they are both on the same
side of the comma.
and are grouped together because they are both on the same
side of the comma.
If or and are grouped together because they are both on the left
of the comma.
and are grouped together because they are both to the right
of the comma.

N. Blas GED0103 Mathematics in the Modern World Module 2: Logic

  Example:
Let and represent the following.
You get a promotion.
You complete the training.
You will receive a bonus.
a) Write as an English sentence.
b) Write “If you do not complete the training, then you will not get a promotion and you will
not receive a bonus.” in symbolic form.

N. Blas GED0103 Mathematics in the Modern World Module 2: Logic

  Let and represent the following.
You get a promotion.
You complete the training.
You will receive a bonus.
a) Write as an English sentence.
SOLUTION OF A:
Because the and the statements both appear in parentheses in the symbolic form, they are placed
to the left of the comma in the English sentence.

 ( 𝑝 ∧𝑞 )→ 𝑟

you get a you complete you will receive

If and , then
promotion the training a bonus.

Thus the translation is: If you get a promotion and complete the training, then you will
receive a bonus.
N. Blas GED0103 Mathematics in the Modern World Module 2: Logic
  Let and represent the following.
You get a promotion.
You complete the training.
You will receive a bonus.
b) Write “If you do not complete the training, then you will not get a promotion and you will not
receive a bonus.” in symbolic form.
SOLUTION OF B:
Because the not and the not statements are both to the right of the comma in the English
sentence, they are grouped together in parentheses in the symbolic form.

you do not you will not get you will not receive
If complete the , then a promotion and a bonus.
training

  𝑞 →( 𝑝∧ 𝑟)
Thus
  the translation is:

N. Blas GED0103 Mathematics in the Modern World Module 2: Logic

 The truth value of a simple statement is either true (T) or false (F).

The truth value of a compound statement depends on the truth values

of its simple statements and its connectives.

N. Blas GED0103 Mathematics in the Modern World Module 2: Logic

 ✘
Conjunction,
 
 is true if BOTH and are true. Otherwise, it is false.

 Examples:

a) and June 26, 2020 is a Friday.

 The statements and June 26, 2020 is a Friday are BOTH TRUE. Therefore,
the truth value of this conjunction is TRUE.
b) The chairs are blue and June 30, 2020 is a Thursday.
 It is enough to know that the statement June 30, 2020 is a Thursday is false.
Therefore, the truth value of this conjunction is FALSE.

N. Blas GED0103 Mathematics in the Modern World Module 2: Logic

 Disjunction,

 is true if at least one statements ( or both) is true. It is false only if both

statements are false.

✘ 
Examples:
a) or June 26, 2020 is a Friday.
 The statements and June 26, 2020 is a Friday are BOTH TRUE. Therefore, the truth value of
this conjunction is TRUE.
b) The sun is bigger than the moon or June 30, 2020 is a Thursday.
 The first statement: The sun is bigger than the moon, is true. Therefore, the truth value of this
conjunction is TRUE.
c) The sun is smaller than the moon or June 30,2020 is a Thursday.
 Both statements are false. Therefore, the truth value of this conjunction is FALSE.

N. Blas GED0103 Mathematics in the Modern World Module 2: Logic

  Negation,

 If is true, is false
 If is false, is true

✘ 
Examples: Negating simple statements.

,
June 26, 2020 is a Friday. June 26, 2020 is not a Friday.
The sun is bigger than the moon. The sun is not bigger than the moon.
I am not a Libra. I am a Libra.

N. Blas GED0103 Mathematics in the Modern World Module 2: Logic

 ✘ 
Example: Determine whether each statement is true or false.

a) 5 is a whole number and 5 is an even number.

b) 2 is a prime number and 2 is an even number.

SOLUTION:
c) means or . Because is true, the statement is a true statement.
d) This is a false statement because 5 is not an even number.
e) This is a true statement because each simple statement is true.

N. Blas GED0103 Mathematics in the Modern World Module 2: Logic

✘ 
Example: If are true and is false, determine the truth value of the following:

Solution:
We change each statement with their truth values.
(1) is converted to
(2) . The conjunction = by definition.
Replacing this in (2), we will now have,
(3) by definition of disjunction.
Therefore, the truth value of is TRUE if are true and is false.

N. Blas GED0103 Mathematics in the Modern World Module 2: Logic

 ✘   examples: If are true and is false, determine the truth value of
Other
the following:

  is FALSE.
  is FALSE.
  is TRUE.
  is FALSE.

N. Blas GED0103 Mathematics in the Modern World Module 2: Logic

V. Statements with Universal Quantifiers: All,
Some, None
Existential quantifiers are used as prefixes to Universal quantifiers such as the following deny
assert the existence of something. the existence of something
 some  none
 there exists  No
 at least one Universal quantifiers such as the following
assert that every element of a given set satisfies
some condition.
 all
 every

N. Blas GED0103 Mathematics in the Modern World Module 2: Logic

 Examples: Write the negation of the quantified statements.

Statement Negation

Some airports are open. No airports are open.

All movies are worth the price of Some movies are not worth the price of
admission. admission.

No odd numbers are divisible by 2. Some odd numbers are divisible by 2.

N. Blas GED0103 Mathematics in the Modern World Module 2: Logic

 Any questions?
If you have question about our discussion today, you can message
me here in Canvas or send me an email at [email protected]

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