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GED0103 Mathematics in The Modern World

Sets can be defined as collections of objects that have something in common. Sets are described using roster and rule methods and are represented using set notation with curly braces. Basic set operations include unions, intersections, and complements. Word problems involving sets can be solved by defining the sets of relevant elements and using set operations like unions and intersections to determine the values requested.

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291 views17 pages

GED0103 Mathematics in The Modern World

Sets can be defined as collections of objects that have something in common. Sets are described using roster and rule methods and are represented using set notation with curly braces. Basic set operations include unions, intersections, and complements. Word problems involving sets can be solved by defining the sets of relevant elements and using set operations like unions and intersections to determine the values requested.

Uploaded by

Gwandaleana Vwearsosa
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Sets

GED0103 Mathematics in the Modern World


DEFINITION
 Any group or collection of objects is called a set.
 A set is a clearly defined collection of objects that have something in common.
 An element is a member of or an object within a set.
We have the following methods to describe the sets (and its elements).
 Roster method - lists the names of all elements of the set
 Rule method - describing a set using properties satisfied by its elements.

Examples

✘   method
Roster Rule method
- set of winter clothes
- set of all fingers
- set of even numbers between 0 and 10

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 Set notation uses curly braces with elements separated by commas.
 Every object in a set is unique; the same object cannot be included in the set more than
once.
 Capital letters are used to denote sets
 Lowercase letters are used to denote elements of a set
 Curly braces { } denote a list of elements in a set.

Basic Notation
is an element of
is not an element of

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Examples
Set Notation Meaning

2 is an element of

5 is not an element of

e is an element of

W is not an element of

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Types of Set
 
 A Universal Set is the set of all elements under consideration or everything that is
relevant to the problem, denoted by capital . All other sets are subsets of the universal
set.

Example:

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 The empty set or null set, is the set that contains no elements. It is represented by the
symbol or .

Example:

- the set of months with 32 days

 A set with only one element is called a singleton.

Example:

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 A finite set is a set whose number of elements in the set is a whole number. That is, the
number of elements is countable

Example:

- the set numbers from 1 to 10

- the set of numbers between 0 and 100

The three dots are called an ellipsis. We use ellipsis in the middle of a set as a shortcut for
listing many elements.

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 An infinite set is a set the number of elements is uncountable.

Example: Basic Number Sets

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The complement of a set , denoted by , is the set of all elements of the universal set that
are not elements of .

Example:

What is

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Set is a subset of set , denoted by , if and only if every element of is

also an element of .

Example:

We can say that

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Venn Diagram

A diagram where sets are represented as simple geometric figures, with overlapping and
similarity of sets represented by intersections and unions of the figures. First developed by
John Venn in the 1880s. In a Venn diagram, sets are represented usually by circles or
ovals. The elements of a set are labeled within the circle.

 A set of counting numbers less than 7.  The set of primary colors.

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Set Operations
 
 The intersection of sets and , denoted by , is the set of elements common to both and
.

Example:

Let and .

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Set Operations
 
 The union of sets and , denoted by , is the that contains all the elements that belong
to both or or both.

Example:

Let and .

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How to Solve Word Problems in Sets
 Example 1: In a group of 60 people, 27 like cold drinks and 42 like hot drinks and each person likes at least one
of the two drinks. How many like both coffee and tea?
Solution:
Let A = set of people who like cold drinks.
B = Set of people who like hot drinks.
Given:
number of elements in , that is, group of 60 people
number of people of like cold drinks
number of people of like hot drinks
What is asked?
number of people who like both hot and cold drinks
.
Only 9 people from the group like both hot and cold drinks.

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How to Solve Word Problems in Sets
 Example 2: In a class of 60 students, 40 students like math, 36 like science, 24 like both the
subjects. Find the number of students who like:
(i) Math only, (ii) Science only (iii) Either Math or Science (iv) Neither Math nor science
Solution:
likes Math
likes Science
likes both Math and Science
(i) Math only =
(ii) Science only =
(iii) Either Math or Science =
(iv) Neither Math nor Science =

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Any questions?
If you have question about our discussion today, you can message
me here in Canvas or send me an email at [email protected]

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