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IoT Week1 Day2 Lecture

The document discusses the fundamentals of Internet-of-Things (IoT) through a 6-week course overview that covers topics like sensing, networking, security, and applications of IoT. It also examines the components of an IoT device including embedded systems, sensors, processors, and wireless connectivity. Real-time embedded systems and control systems are discussed as examples of applications that require timely processing of sensor data.

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Hasan A.T.M.
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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
66 views26 pages

IoT Week1 Day2 Lecture

The document discusses the fundamentals of Internet-of-Things (IoT) through a 6-week course overview that covers topics like sensing, networking, security, and applications of IoT. It also examines the components of an IoT device including embedded systems, sensors, processors, and wireless connectivity. Real-time embedded systems and control systems are discussed as examples of applications that require timely processing of sensor data.

Uploaded by

Hasan A.T.M.
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Internet-of-Things (IoT)

Khondaker A. Mamun, PhD.


Director, AIMS Lab
Professor, CSE,UIU

Acknowledgement
University of Notre Dame
Course Overview
Lecture Lab
Fundamentals of IoT, basic Basic Python & Raspberry Pi
Week 1 concepts, applications programming

Human-computer interfaces, Sensor programming, control


Week 2 sensing, actuation loops, digital/analog I/O

Fundamentals of computer and Wi-Fi and Bluetooth networks,


Week 3 wireless networks network measurements

Sensor networks, mesh ZigBee, WPANs, WBANs, routing,


Week 4 networks, routing, WPANs network measurements

Processing, IoT cloud, analytics, IoT cloud integration, sensor


Week 5 visualization fusion, analytics, visualization

RFID, IoT ecosystem, security, Final project


Week 6 privacy, ethics, case studies
Components of an IoT Device
Embedded System/Computer
• “Any sort of device which includes a
programmable computer but itself is not
intended to be a general-purpose computer”
– Wayne Wolf
• General purpose
• Dedicated
Automotive Embedded Systems
Automotive Embedded Systems
• Today’s high-end automobile may have 100+
microprocessors:
– Seat belt; dashboard devices; engine control; ABS;
automatic stability control; navigation system;
infotainment system; collision avoidance system; tire
pressure monitoring; lane warning; adaptive cruise
control; climate control; airbag control unit; electric
window and central locking; parking aid; automatic
wiper control; alarm and immobilizer; power seat;
electric power steering; electronic transmission;
active suspension
Embedded Processor Market
• 80 million PCs every year
• 3 billion embedded CPUs every year
• Embedded systems market growing, while PC
market mostly saturated
General-Purpose Processor
• Programmable device,
“microprocessor” Controller Datapath

• Features Control
logic and
Register
file
– Program memory State
register
– General data path with large General
IR PC ALU
register file and general ALU
• User benefits Program Data
– Low time-to-market and NRE costs memory memory

– High flexibility Assembly code


for:

• Examples: Intel Core i7, AMD total = 0


for i =1 to …
Ryzen 5, etc.
Dedicated Processor
• Digital circuit designed specifically for one
purpose
• Features
– Contains only the components needed to execute a
single program
– No program memory Controller Datapath

• Benefits Control
logic
index

– Fast State
total

– Low power register +

– Small size
Data
memory
Application-Specific Processor (ASIC)
• Programmable processor optimized
for a particular class of applications
that have common characteristics Controller Datapath

(compromise) Control
logic and
Registers

• Features State
register
Custom
– Program memory ALU
IR PC
– Optimized data path
Data
– Special functional units Program memory
memory
• Benefits
Assembly code
– Some flexibility, good performance, for:

size, and power, “reusable” total = 0


for i =1 to …
Characteristics of Embedded Systems
• Dedicated functionality
• Real-time operation
• Small size and low weight
• Low power
• Harsh environments
• Safety-critical operation
• Cost sensitive
Embedded vs. Real Time Systems
• Embedded system: is a computer system that performs a
limited set of specific functions; it often interacts with its
environment
• RTS: Correctness of the system depends not only on the
logical results, but also on the time in which the results
are produced

Real Time Embedded


Systems Systems

Examples?
Examples
• Real Time Embedded:
– Nuclear reactor control
– Flight control
– Basically any safety critical system
– GPS
– MP3 player
– Mobile phone
• Real Time, but not Embedded:
– Stock trading system
– Skype
– Pandora, Netflix
• Embedded, but not Real Time:
– Home temperature control
– Sprinkler system
– Washing machine, refrigerator, etc.
Characteristics of RTS
• Event-driven (reactive) vs. time-driven
• Reliability/fault-tolerance requirements
(example: triple modular redundancy)
• Predictability
• Priorities in multi-programmed systems
Taxonomy
• Hard RT: absolutely imperative to meet all
timing constraints
• Soft RT: deadlines are important, but the
system will still function even if deadline is
missed
Firm RT: no value, but not catastrophic
Taxonomy: Static
• Task arrival times can be predicted
• Static (compile-time) analysis possible
• Allows good resource usage (low idle time for
processors)
Taxonomy: Dynamic
• Arrival times unpredictable
• Static (compile-time) analysis possible only for
simple cases
• Processor utilization varies dramatically; must
design system to handle “worst case”
• Must avoid over-simplifying assumptions
– e.g., assuming that all tasks are independent, when
this is unlikely
Taxonomy: Periodic
• Each task (or group of tasks) executes repeatedly
with a particular period
• Allows some static analysis techniques to be used
• Matches characteristics of many real problems
• It is possible to have tasks with deadlines
smaller, equal to, or greater than their period
– the later are difficult to handle (i.e., multiple
concurrent task instances occur)
Taxonomy: Periodic
• Single rate:
– One period in the system
– Simple but inflexible
– Used in implementing a lot of wireless sensor
networks
• Multi rate:
– Multiple periods
– Should be harmonics to simplify system design
Taxonomy: Aperiodic
• Are also called sporadic, asynchronous, or
reactive
• Creates a dynamic situation
• Bounded arrival time intervals are easier to
handle
• Unbounded arrival time intervals are impossible
to handle with resource-constrained systems
Control Systems
Man-Machine Instrumentation
Interface Interface

Real-Time
Controlled
Operator Computer
Object
System

• Man-machine interface: input devices, e.g., keyboard and output


devices, e.g., display
• Instrumentation interface: sensors and actuators that transform
between physical signals and digital data
• Most control systems are hard real-time
• Deadlines are determined by the controlled object, i.e., the temporal
behavior of the physical phenomenon (fuel injection vs. ATM)
Control System Example

Example: A simple one-sensor, one-actuator control system.

reference rk
A/D uk
input r(t) control-law
yk computation D/A
A/D

y(t) u(t)

sensor plant actuator

Outside effects The system


being controlled
Control Systems Cont’d.

Pseudo-code for this system:

set
settimer
timerto
tointerrupt
interruptperiodically
periodicallywith
withperiod
periodT;T;
atateach
eachtimer
timerinterrupt
interruptdo
do
do
doanalog-to-digital
analog-to-digitalconversion
conversiontotoget
gety;y;
compute
computecontrol
controloutput
outputu;u;
output
outputuuand
anddo
dodigital-to-analog
digital-to-analogconversion;
conversion;
end
enddo do

T is called the sampling period. T is a key design choice. Typical


range for T: seconds to milliseconds.
Sensors and Actuators
• Sensors:
– They are mainly input components
– They sense and collect surrounding information

• Actuators:
– They are mainly output components
– They alter the surrounding
Communications
• Connects devices with each other & the cloud
• Communication type:
– Wireline (e.g., copper wires, optical fibers)
– Wireless (e.g., RF, IR); RF-based communication is
the most popular choice
• Popular RF-based communication solutions:
– IEEE 802.15.4
– IEEE 802.11 (or Wifi)
– Bluetooth
– Near Field Communication (NFC), e.g., RFID
Components of an IoT Device

IoT EcoSystem Weeks 5&6

Week 1 Week 1

Week 2 Week 2 Weeks 3&4

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