Swimming and Water Survival

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SWIMMING AND WATER

SURVIVAL
INTRODUCTION:

 History does not record when


swimming first began. Everybody
knows that it is a very old skill,
probably as old as man himself. Some
scholars believe that man learned how
to swim as a result of his accidental
immersion in deep water. Or perhaps
man first learned to swim for survival.
ANCIENT ORIGINS

 Babylonians bas – reliefs and Assyrian wall


drawings point to very early swimming skills
among humans. The most ancient and
famous of drawings depicting men
swimming are to be found in the Kebir
desert. They are estimated to be about
6,000 years old. The Nagoda bas – relief
also has paintings of swimmers that date
some 5,000 years.
The Rock of Art of Gilf Kebir – The
Cave of Swimmers
Ancient Assyrian Relief Depicting a Soldier
Swimmer with a Breathing Apparatus
Assyrian men Swimming
Ancient sculptures depicted swimmers

 Many of the ancient drawings and paintings come


from what is now Italy. The oldest date back 2,600
years, was belonging to the Etruscans at Tarquinia.
An ancient tomb in Greece depicts swimming and
diving scenes and dates back 2,500 years.
 Many of the world’s ancient civilisations swam,
including the Egyptians, the Phoenicians, Persians,
Romans and Greeks. Plato once declared that
anyone who could not swim lacked a proper
education, and Julius Caesar was known for his
swimming prowess.
 Our country known as the Philippine
Archipelago is known for having so many
bathing beaches, lakes, and rivers that most
children had learned to swim and paddle a
banca at an early age. But on the other hand,
there is surprisingly large number of students
who do not know how to swim.
 Knowledge in swimming and water safety is very
important in the Philippines because of the
scattered position of many islands and the need
to travel from one island to another. Boating and
other excursion also takes place on the water so
swimming and safety in water are essential for
survival. Many heart breaking accidents could
have prevented if the people involved had known
the fundamental skills of swimming and self –
preservation. Due to man’s handicaps in water,
progress in swimming has been slow.
CHAPTER 1: SWIMMING

 Swimming is a form of exercise that burns a


lot of calories, that increases cardiovascular
fitness levels, improves muscular endurance
and strength, does not impact the joints due
to the water supporting the weight, refreshes
and cools swimmers in hot weather, and
which can be done safely even in old age.
Swimming defined:

 An action consist of repeating a specific body motion


or stoke involving all major body parts for swimmers
to move on the surface of water.
 Swimming became organized as an amateur sport
in the late 19th century in several countries. The
English are considered the first modern society to
develop swimming as a sport. By 1837, when
modern competitive swimming began in London,
several indoors already existed. Its popularity
increased with the development and improvement of
the swimming pool, and swimming was part of the
first modern Olympic Games (1896).
The earliest form of swimming stroke is the
“human crawl” or human stroke or known as the
dog paddle. From this stroke evolve other strokes
namely:
 Side stroke
 Side over – arm
 Trudgen

As swimming competition increased, the


swimming stroke becomes more developed and
that greater distance could be covered in a shorter
time.
Classification of swimming strokes:

 Competitive strokes
 Survival/Resting strokes

Current the strokes for competitive swimming


are the American or Australian crawl kwon as:

 Freestyle
 Back stroke
 Breast stroke
 Butterfly
Survival/Resting Strokes:

 Elementary backstroke
 Side stroke
 Trudgen stroke
THE FOUR COMPETITIVE SWIMMING STROKES:

1. FREESTYLE
 Of all the swimming strokes, the
crawl/freestyle is the most popular, the fastest,
most efficient stroke and beginners find it the
easiest to learn. The technique involved in this
swimming stroke is pretty simple.
 Swimmers float on their belly in the water, and

propel themselves by rotating the arms in a


windmill motion, and kicking the legs in a
fluttering motion.
 The difficult part of this swimming technique
is the coordination of breathing while
performing the stokes, since the face remains
in the water almost all the time.
The Crawl/Freestyle Swimming
Technique
 The Arm Strokes
◦ The arms should be moved alternatively, in a
rotating windmill type of motion.
◦ In order to swim in a straight line, each arm should
be extended to full reach and pulled with equal
force through the water.
◦ When under the water, the arms should be moved
to form an ‘S’ pattern.
◦ During recovery, while the hands should be cupped,
the hand and the wrist should be relaxed.
 The Leg Movements
◦ The legs are kicked alternatively, in a
fluttering motion.
◦ The knees should be bent slightly.
◦ The ankles and feet should be
relaxed.
◦ For maximum propulsion, the
downward kicking motion should be
emphasized.
 How to breathe
◦ The stroke is begun by raising one arm, and as the
shoulder is raised, the head should be turned to the
side to take a breath.
◦ The head should be turned just enough so that the
nose comes off the water in order to breathe.
◦ The head should not be lifted off the water since
the slows down the speed of the propulsion.
◦ Take a single deep breath, or several breaths, as
required, and then turn the head back into the
water an exhale through the mouth and nose.
◦ Coordinating with the stroke of the other arm, turn
the head to the opposite side, and repeat the same
process
PROPER FREESTYLE BREATHING
TECHNIQUE
FREESTYLE STROKE
2. The breaststroke

 Is the oldest known swimming stroke. It is


one of four strokes used in competitive
swimming, but it is also very popular for
leisure swimming because the head can be
kept up and out of the water, making vision
and breathing easy. The swimmer can rest
momentarily between strokes.
 In this stroke, the arms and legs move
symmetrically. In the glide, the body is flat,
prone and streamlined, with legs together
and extended. Arms are extended in front of
the head. Keep the palms down 6 to 8 inches
below the surface of the water. The head is
positioned with the water line near the
hairline. Keep the back straight and the body
near horizontal, with hips and legs just below
the surface.
 Then bring hands together in a “Praying”
fashion and extend both hands up past chin
to full extension with palms facing down.
Breaststroke
Breaststroke
The Breaststrokes Swimming
Technique
 The Arm Stroke
◦ The arm should be kept overhead
when starting the stroke.
◦ Then, the arm should be brought
towards the chest, pulling on the
water.
◦ The hands, should be kept cupped.
◦ Take the arm back to the starting
position.
 The Leg Movements
◦ The knees should be brought up to the chest.
◦ Then the legs should be thrust straight and
backwards.
◦ The legs should be snapped together in order to
push the water as well as propelling your forward,
akin to a frog kick.
 How to Breath
◦ A breath should be taken each time an arm – stroke
is made.
3. Butterfly
 In the variation of the breaststroke known
as the butterfly, both arms are brought
together over the water and then brought
backward simultaneously. The movement of
the arms is continuous and is accompanied
an undulating movement of the hips. The
leg kick, called the dolphin kick, is a wipe -
like downward motion of the unseparated
feet.
The Butterfly Swimming Technique
 The Arm Stroke
◦ The arm should be moved together,
pulling through the water, while the hands
are kept cupped.
◦ The palms should be faced outwards and
pressed in a downward as well as outward
movement.
◦ The stroke is completed by swinging the
arms forward in a sweeping movement
while they are above the water.
 The Leg Movements
◦ The knees should be kept together and slightly
bent. Then the knees should be straightened,
making a downward thrusting movement, while the
feet are whipped downwards.
◦ For each arm stroke two kicking movements should
be performed.
 How to breathe
◦ A breath should be taken at the culmination of each
stroke of the arms.
Butterfly Stroke
Butterfly stroke
4. Backstroke
 The backstroke is essentially the crawl
stroke in it’s reverse form with the
swimmer’s head back turned to the
water. Alternately, one arm is lifted,
palm facing outward, from the leg and
is brought up behind the head while
the other pulls the body through the
water. A flutter kick is used.
 The backstroke is similar to the crawl,
except that the swimmer floats on
their back in the water. The arms are
moved in a similar alternating
windmill motion, and the legs kicked
in a similarly fluttering motion.
The two basic techniques of a correct
backstroke are:

1. That the arms are moved with equal force,


for swimmers swimming off towards one
side;
2. That the body should be rolled from one
side to the other and the arms should be
extended to their utmost reach, for
swimmers to propel forward.

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