Wireless sensor networks http://www.eecs.harvard.

edu
Wireless sensor networks http://www.eecs.harvard.edu
Berkeley Mica motes http://www.eecs.harvard.edu
Sensor Net Challenges http://www.eecs.harvard.edu
Sensor Net Challenges
BAN: Body Area Networks

● wireless low power transmission of

biological parameters to a base station
(internet gateway)

● Harmonization with Standards for

biomedical Data exchange:
DICOM / HL7 / IEEE11073

● HomeCare and Clinical use

BAN: Body Area Networks

● 400-MHz radio link

low transmission ranges and low power

● Integration of Implants and wireless

technologies: Zigbee, Bluetooth,..

● early detection of critical states, wireless

integration of sensors and effectors inside or
worn on the body

● challenges: reliability / safety, interoperability,

privacy, size, low-power operation, …
BAN: Body Area Networks

WHMS: Wearable Health Monitoring Systems, University of Alabama

http://www.ece.uah.edu/~jovanov
„Bio-DataChip“

● „Dry" sensor - requires no electrolytes

● processor and firmware (downloadable)
● RF transmitter with network software
● basic layout size = 10 X 25 mm

http://www.biocontrol.com
Cochlear Implants

128-site-16-channel elecrode array

http://www.theuniversityhospital.com/cochlearweb http://www.wimserc.org
Micropower intra-ocular pressure sensor

http://www.wimserc.org
Implantable neurochemical sensing system

http://www.wimserc.org
MEMS: Micro Electro Mechanical Systems

Mechanic actuator

Electrostatic Actuator for chronic drug dosing

http://www.wimserc.org
http:// www.memx.com
http://mems.sandia.gov/about/electro-mechanical.html
Accelerometer
Bioelectronic hybrids, cellular lithography

Forschungszentrum Jülich, http://www.fz-juelich.de/isg

Ultra-low-power biopotential
measurement front-end ASIC
www.imec.be

EEG, ECG, and EMG signals

(single channel)

● Circuit consumption 20µA from 3V,

● CMRR > 110dB,
● 50mV DC electrode offset
● 3D stack technology: 1cm3
EEG system powered by body heat
www.imec.be, www.holstcenter.com

● 2 chn EEG unit, 2,4Ghz wireless transceiver

Circuit consumption: 0.8 mW

● Thermoelectric generator converts

heat flow between skin and air
2-2,5mW at room temperature

● Operational in < one minute

In a medical Context:

Dependability and Fault Tolerance are major issues.

● Failsafe: safe state after failure

● Fault recovery: normal operation can be restored
● Gracefully Degradation:
system continues (restricted) work

MTBF Mean Time Between Failure

Environment conditions / Materials

Redundant Hardware / Software makes sense here !

System Design and Integration:

● Hardware Selection for Development / Production

● Hardware and Software Co - Development

● System Modelling and Simulation, UML

The earlier a design bug is found, the better !

 History of Microprocessors
• 1950s - The beginning of the digital era and electronic
computing
• 1969 – Intel is a small startup company in Santa Clara with
12 employees
– Fairchild, Motorola are large semiconductor companies; HP and
Busicom make calculators
• 1971 – Intel makes first microprocessor the 4-bit 4004
series for Busicom calculators
• 1972 – Intel makes the 8008 series, an 8-bit
microprocessor,
– ATARI is a startup company
– Creates a gaming console and releases PONG

19
 History of Microprocessors
• 1974 – the first real useful 8-bit microprocessor is released
by Intel – the 8080
– Motorola introduces the 6800 series
– Zilog has the Z80
• 1975 – GM and Ford begin to put microcontrollers in cars
– Many cars today have over 100 microcontrollers
– TI gets into the microprocessor business with calculators and
digital watches
• 1977 – Apple II is released using MOS 6502 (similar to
motorola 6800). Apple II dominated from 1977 to 1983
• 1978 – Intel introduces the first 16-bit processor, the 8086
– Motorola follows with the 68000 which is ultimately used in the
first Apple Macintosh
20
 History of Microprocessors
• 1981 – IBM enters the PC making market and uses the
Intel 8088 – proliferation of the home computer
• 1982-1985 – Intel introduces the 32-bit 80286 and 80386
• 1989 – 80486 is being used in PC’s, able to run Microsoft
Windows
• 1992 – Apple, IBM and Motorola begin to make
PowerMac and PowerPC’s using Motorola chips
• 1993 – Pentium chip is released
• The rest is history

21
 Discussion
• What are some components of a computer?
• What is a Microprocessor?
• A Microcontroller?
• An Embedded System?

22
 Components of a Computer
• Central Processing Unit
– Interprets and carries out all the instructions contained
in software
• Memory
– Used to store instructions and data
– Random Access Memory (RAM)
– Read Only Memory (ROM)
• Input/Output
– Used to communicate with the outside world
23
 Microprocessor
• A single chip that contains a whole CPU
– Has the ability to fetch and execute instructions
stored in memory
– Has the ability to access external memory,
external I/O and other peripherals
• Examples:
– Intel P4 or AMD Athlon in desktops/notebooks
– ARM processor in Apple iPod
24
 Microcontroller
• Essentially a microprocessor with on-chip
memories and I/O devices
• Designed for specific functions
• All in one solution - Reduction in chip count
– Reduced cost, power, physical size, etc.
• Examples
– MC68332, MC68HC11, PPC555
• More details of components later
– A/D converters, temperature sensors, communications,
timing circuits, many others

25
 Embedded System
• Special purpose computer system usually completely
inside the device it controls
• Has specific requirements and performs pre-defined tasks
• Cost reduction compared to general purpose processor
• Different design criteria
– Performance
– Reliability
– Availability
– Safety

26
 Why Study Microcontroller
The course may serve several purposes:
– Build useful applications
– Practice programming and debugging skills
– Understand the inside of computer
It paves the way to learning computer design,
operating systems, compilers, embedded
systems, security and other topics.
– Microcontrollers have everything in a typical
computer: CPU, memory and I/O.
27
 The 8051 Microcontroller and
Embedded Systems

CHAPTER 0
INTRODUCTION TO
COMPUTING

28
 The 8051 Microcontroller and
Embedded Systems

CHAPTER 1
THE 8051
MICROCONTROLLERS

29
 The 8051 Microcontroller and
Embedded Systems

CHAPTER 2
8051 ASSEMBLY
LANGUAGE
PROGRAMMING

30
 The 8051 Microcontroller and
Embedded Systems

CHAPTER 4
I/O PORT
PROGRAMMING

31
The 8051 Microcontroller and
Embedded Systems

CHAPTER 5
8051 ADDRESSING
MODES
 The 8051 Microcontroller and
Embedded Systems

CHAPTER 6
ARITHMETIC, LOGIC
INSTRUCTIONS, AND
PROGRAMS

33
 The 8051 Microcontroller and
Embedded Systems

CHAPTER 8
8051 HARDWARE
CONNECTION AND
INTEL HEX FILE

34
 The 8051 Microcontroller and
Embedded Systems

CHAPTER 8
8051 HARDWARE
CONNECTION AND
INTEL HEX FILE

35
 The 8051 Microcontroller and
Embedded Systems

CHAPTER 9
8051 TIMER
PROGRAMMING IN
ASSEMBLY

36
 The 8051 Microcontroller and
Embedded Systems

CHAPTER 9
8051 TIMER
PROGRAMMING IN
ASSEMBLY

37
 The 8051 Microcontroller and
Embedded Systems

CHAPTER 10
8051 SERIAL PORT
PROGRAMMING IN
ASSEMBLY

38
 The 8051 Microcontroller and
Embedded Systems

CHAPTER 11
INTERRUPTS
PROGRAMMING IN
ASSEMBLY

39