Opeartion & Maintenance of SS Equipments CT PT CVT LA ISO 29.6.2020

Maintenance of S/S Equipments
CT, PT, LA, Isolator
1
Overview
• Importance of maintenance of S/S equipments
• Operation and Maintenance of CT
• Operation and Maintenance of PT
• Operation and Maintenance of CVT
• Operation and Maintenance of LA
2
Importance of maintenance of S/S equipments
Sub-Stations are the most vital part in Electrical
Transmission system.
Grid operation & power transmission can be reliable only if
sub-stations perform well.
The poor maintenance of sub-station can hit productivity of

all sectors i.e. domestic, commercial, industrial etc.
In normal practice the requirements is for 100% availability of
substation, i.e. 24 hours for a day and 365 days for a year.
But it is difficult to achieve because interruption of substation
due to various reasons and shutdown for maintenance The
equipment wise maintenance schedule should be prepared as
per the guide line given in the manual of the equipment
supplied by the manufacturer.
3
Importance of maintenance of S/S equipments
If proper and timely care is taken of equipments in service,
the disturbances in supply will be minimum taken of
equipments in service, the disturbances in supply will be
minimum
For this numbers of factors play important role.
For carrying out regular maintenance work on each type of

equipment, daily, weekly, monthly and yearly schedule should
be prepared as per recommendation of the suppliers or as
found essential from the past experience.
4
Switch Yard-Daily and Routine maintenance
Sub-Station
Switch Yard Control Room
5
Switch Yard – Daily, Routine & Schedule Maint.
TRF
MK CT/ PT
Boxes CVT
Earthing CB
Switch
Cable Yard
LA
Trench
Capacitor Isolator
Yard
Bus Bar
Lighting
6
Operation and Maintenance of CT
It is electromagnetic device.
It is a instrument transformer that transform high
ampere at high voltage level into low ampere at low
voltage level.
Instruments transformers are Eye, Nose and Ears of
Substation.
Function of CT :
CT converts high ampere at high voltage level into low

ampere at low voltage level for example if CTR 100/1 i.e
100 ampere primary side is converted into 1 ampere of
secondary side. Normally in secondary 5 ampere for 11 KV
Class CT and 1 ampere for 66 KV above class CT.
Insulate the control and metering circuit from network.
Transform current at standardize level of 1 Amp. Or 5
Amp. for relay and meter 7
8
Construction:

Primary winding :
Copper Bar , Copper Strip , Copper Rope able to take
Normal as well as Short Circuit Current 1200 Amp CT :
730Sq.mm, 600 Amp. CT 250 Sq.mm for 40KA/ 3sec.

Secondary winding:
 1,2,3,4 or 5 core as per requirement 1Amp. Or 5 Amp.

Core :
CRGO ,Nickel Iron for higher accuracy

Insulating medium :
Cast Resin, Paper / Polyester, oil and Paper , SF6 Gas
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
Classification:

Types as per Primary winding

1.Wound type CT
2.Bar type CT
3.Ring type CT

Types as per Insulation Used

Resin Cast CT :
1.Indoor Application up to 33KV, Poor resistance to
moisture and heat transfer capability
2.Oil and paper insulated CT with porcelain support
3.SF6 Gas Insulated CT
16
Types of Core in CT:
Metering core :
1)Smaller Size , Higher Accuracy 1,0.5,0.2,0.2s , lower
Saturation point for Metering purpose
2)P Class Core : Protection Core for O/C & E/F Protection
5p10 ,5p20 LBB Protection
3)Special Class Core : PS class for Differential Protection ,

Distance Protection, REF protection, Bus bar Protection
17
Types as per Secondary rating

1 Amp. :
More No. of Turns , Higher Accuracy , larger size
5 Amp.: Lesser no. of Turns , lower Accuracy , Smaller

size suitable for indoor application

Types as per Mounting
1.Indoor
3.OutdoorT
18
Types as per Design
1) Dead Tank without bellow

2) Live Tank without bellow
3) Dead Tank with bellow
4) Live Tank with bellow
66/132/220/400KV Outdoor CT

Live Tank w/o Bellow: N2 Cushioning

Live Tank with bellow: Steel or Rubber bellow

Dead Tank W/O Bellow: N2 Cushioning

Dead tank with bellow: Steel or rubber bellow. Hair pin
Type, Eye Bolt Type 19

HIVOLTRANS
LIVE TANK CURRENT

TRANSFORMER
-Secondary cores housed in live
tank at top
-Secondary cores are fully

insulated with paper
-Sec leads brought down from

live tank to bottom earth tank
-Short Primary Length
20
21
CONSTRUCTION OF CT
HIVOLTRANS
22
HIVOLTRANS
PROFILE OF AN INSULATOR
23
HIVOLTRANS
HAIRPIN TYPE (DEAD TANK)

CURRENT TRANSFORMER
-Secondary cores housed in

metallic tank at bottom
-The primary in form of Hairpin

(H-Type) or Bolt (Bolt-Type) is
looped through secondary cores
-Primary is fully insulated with

high grade insulating paper
24
HIVOLTRANS
HAIRPIN TYPE (DEAD TANK)

CURRENT TRANSFORMER
(FINISHED PRODUCT)
25
SF-6 INSULATED CURRENT
TRANSFORMER
26
27
28
DIFFERENCES BETWEEN
HIVOLTRANS
LIVE TANK AND DEAD TANK DESIGNS
Live Tank Design Dead Tank Design

Weight at Top Weight at bottom
Short Primary length Longer Primary length
Main Insulation at top Main insulation at bottom

Failure generally in top chamber Failure normally at bottom
Special precaution must be Fault current passes through
taken to pass fault current from the primary winding safely upto
top chamber to earth the earthed bottom tank
Suitable for high currents even Suitable for currents upto 2000
above 2000 Amps Amps
Weight of heavy cores is borne Weight of heavy cores rests on
by paper insulation producing metal body & so primary
mechanical stresses insulation is not affected
29
30
IS for CT is 2705 – 1992, and according
According to IS following details required to be given in

name plate.
1) CT Ratio
2) Voltage Class
3) Type
4) Frequency
5) Class of Accuracy
6) Burden
7) Knee point Voltage
8) Short time current (STC)
9) ISF (for metering core)
10) Insulation level (BIL)
11) Cree page distance
12) Resistance for (CPS class)
13) IS 2705 - 1992 31
32
33
According to IS 2705 – 1992, following test of CT carried
out at factory.
1) Primary high voltage test
2) Secondary high voltage test
3) Inter turn insulation test
4) Partial discharge
5) Tan –Delta test
6) Accuracy Test
7) Polarity test
8) ISF test
9)Temperature rise test
34
CT symbols & Drawing
35
CHANGE OF CT RATIO
Many times it is required to change ratio of CT, due to rated P2
P1
current of equipment, load etc. procedure for changing CT ratio is as
under.
For example
I S1 IS 2 Idetails
S3 2 S1
of
2 S 2CT
2S 3are3 S1
as under
3S 2 3 S 3for which
4 S1 4 S2 4CT
S3 ratio
5 S1 5Srequired
2 5 S3
to
36
Change of CT ratio
Many times it is required to change ratio of CT, due to
rated current of equipment, load etc. procedure for
changing CT ratio is asunder.
For example details of CT are as under for which CT
ratio required to be change.
Ratio 150-300/5-5
Core-1, Core-2
Class 0.5, 5p
Burden 10 VA, 10 VA
ISP/ALF <5 ,10
Now at present 100/5 is connected then connection will
be as drawing
Thus connection for CT ratio 150/5 is 1S1-1S2 and 2S1-
2S2 terminals are connected.
To change ratio from 150/5 to 300/5 it is required to
connect wires to 1S1-1S3 & 2S1-2S3 as drawing 37
CHANGE OF CT RATIO
Many times it is required to change ratio of CT, due to rated
Co re -1 Co re -2
current ofP1equipment, load etc. procedure for changing CT ratio
P2 is as
under.
For example details of CT are as under for which CT ratio required
to I S1 IS 2 IS 3 2 S1 2 S2 2 S3
D11 D71 C11 C71
38
CAPACITANCE GRADING OF THE
HIVOLTRANS
INSULATION
39
Daily – Routine Checks
Sr. No. Description
1 Check oil level and leakage of oil if any.
3 Check level of bellow
2 Check corona effect.
4 Check clamp connectors
40
CHANGE OF CT RATIO
under.
to
41
CHANGE OF CT RATIO
under.
to
42
CHANGE OF CT RATIO
under.
to
43
CHANGE OF CT RATIO
under.
to
44
CHANGE
Do’s OF CT RATIO
Many
 times use
Always it is required
crane oftoproper
change capacity
ratio of CT,for
due to rated
handling.
current
 Kept of
inequipment, load etc. procedure
vertical direction only withfor changing
proper baseCT ratio is as
under.
 Proper earthing of Tank
For
 example
Check details of CT
leveling are as under for which CT ratio required
structure
to
Check oil level or any leakages regularly
For Idle core high ratio terminal should be shorted
other terminal of used core should be opened
Terminal connector and porcelain should be cleaned
Ensure tightness of primary and secondary terminals
throughout the circuit
45
CHANGE
Don’ts OF CT RATIO
Many
 times
Don’t it isopen
kept required
thetosecondary
change ratiowinding
of CT, due to rated
current
 Avoidofearthing
equipment, ofload
staretc. procedure
point forend
at both changing
i.e. inCT
MKratio
boxis and
as
under.
in C&R panel Primary terminal should be free from
Formechanical
example details of CT are as under for which CT ratio required
stress.
to
Don’t allow oil leakages for longer period.
Precautions for CT :
 Do not open CT Sec. while it is Live.

 Short circuit and earth all secondary terminal that are not
in used.
Always keep tan delta testing terminal C shorted to Earth.
Do not short left out secondary terminal of same core.

46
47
48
49
Core R Ph Y Ph B Ph N
Metering D11 D31 D51 D71
Protection ( o/c & C11 C31 C51 C71

E/F)
Differential (pri. Of A11 A31 A51 A71
Tr.)
Differential (Sec. A21 A41 A61 A51
Of Tr.)
Distance A11 A31 A51 A71
50
Operation and Maintenance of PT
Definition: Voltage Transformer (Potential transformer
largely called PT) converts high voltage level into low
voltage level for measurement and protection purpose.
Uses of PT:
PTs are used for measurement of energy and for
protection purpose.
Type of Construction:
1) Electro magnetic Type : - in which primary and
secondary wound on magnetic core like a usual
transformer.
2) Capacitor Potential transformer: - in which primary
voltage is applied to a series capacitor group. The voltage
across one of the capacitor is taken to auxiliary voltage
transformer. The secondary of auxiliary voltage
transformer is taken for measurement or protection.
51
No of Cores
1) single core
2) Two core
3) Three or more core.
Specification of PT
1)Rated Primary voltage

2)Rated secondary Voltage
3)Rated burden
4)Supply frequency
5)Number of Phases
6)Class of Accuracy
7)Insulation level
8)Limits of dimensions, type of construction etc.
52
Burdens on Voltage transformer
Burdens are specified in volt amperes at a rated
secondary voltage at a particular power factor. The total
burden on a PT should be less than the rated burden of
PT.
Accuracy R Ph
class
0.1 Precision testing in
standard laboratories
0.2 Substandard instruments in
laboratories
3.0 Industrial metering
5.0 Voltmeters
10.0 Directional relay where as

phase angle is importnat53
In GETCO from 11 KV/132 KV/220 KV/400 KV class PTs
are used having secondary voltage is 110 V.
54
Operation and Maintenance of CVT
CAPACITOR VOLTAGE TRANSFORMER (CVT)
Capacitor voltage transformer are used for line

voltmeters, synchroscopes, protective relays, tariff-meter
The performance of capacitor voltage transformer is

inferior to that of electromagnetic voltage transformer.
 Its performance is affected by the supply frequency,

switching transients magnitudes of connected burden etc.
The CVT is more economical than an electromagnetic

voltage transformer when the nominal system voltage
increase above 66 kV.
The PLCC equipment can be connected via the capacitor

of the capacitor voltage transformers. Thereby there is55 no
need of separate coupling capacitors.
Capacitor type VT is used for voltage 66 kV and above.
At such voltages cost of EM type VT's tends to be too
high.
The capacitors connected in series act like potential
dividers provided the current taken by the burden is
negligible compared with the current passing through the
series connected capacitors.

C1
V1
C2
Protec tive
Spark gap
56
However the burden current becomes relatively larger
and ratio error and also phase error is introduced.
 In series with the burden is adjusted to such a value

that at supply frequency it resonates with the sum of two
capacitors.
 This eliminates the error.
The construction of capacitor type VT depends on the

form of capacitor voltage divider.
 Generally, h.v. capacitors are enclosed in a porcelain

housing.
A large metal sheet box at the base encloses the tuning

coil intermediate transformer. 57
In CVT (Coupling capacitor Voltage Transformer). The
same equipment serves the purpose of coupling capacitor
and voltage transformer simultaneously.
58
59
Equivalent Capacitance for CVT might be 5500 pF+ 10% -
5%
Burden for
132KV 0.5 Class CVT= 100VA
220KV 0.5 Class CVT= 167 VA
400KV 0.5 Class CVT= 300 VA
Above 400 KV Class CVTs are invariably used.

Ratio error increases with burden, compensating
winding required to adjust. Phase angle error can be
affected by variation in frequency and burden power
factor.
Variable choke with adjustable air gap is required to

adjust it. Due to this CVT is rarely used for metering. 60
61
62
63
64
65
66
Maintenance Check Point:

Measurement of IR Value with 500V Megger.
Measurement of Tan delta and Capacitance.
Measurement of sec. Voltage and compare with Past
Record.
Never Short circuit or earth secondary terminal.
Used proper rated fuses for secondary.
67
Thank You
68

Opeartion & Maintenance of SS Equipments CT PT CVT LA ISO 29.6.2020

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Maintenance of S/S Equipments

CT, PT, LA, Isolator

• Importance of maintenance of S/S equipments

• Operation and Maintenance of CT

• Operation and Maintenance of PT

• Operation and Maintenance of CVT

• Operation and Maintenance of LA

The poor maintenance of sub-station can hit productivity of

For this numbers of factors play important role.

For carrying out regular maintenance work on each type of

Switch Yard Control Room

CT converts high ampere at high voltage level into low

3)Special Class Core : PS class for Differential Protection ,

5 Amp.: Lesser no. of Turns , lower Accuracy , Smaller

1) Dead Tank without bellow

LIVE TANK CURRENT

-Secondary cores are fully

-Sec leads brought down from

-Short Primary Length

HAIRPIN TYPE (DEAD TANK)

-Secondary cores housed in

-The primary in form of Hairpin

-Primary is fully insulated with

HAIRPIN TYPE (DEAD TANK)

Live Tank Design Dead Tank Design

Short Primary length Longer Primary length

Main Insulation at top Main insulation at bottom

According to IS following details required to be given in

D11 D71 C11 C71

 Do not open CT Sec. while it is Live.

Protection ( o/c & C11 C31 C51 C71

1)Rated Primary voltage

10.0 Directional relay where as

Capacitor voltage transformer are used for line

The performance of capacitor voltage transformer is

 Its performance is affected by the supply frequency,

The CVT is more economical than an electromagnetic

The PLCC equipment can be connected via the capacitor

 In series with the burden is adjusted to such a value

 This eliminates the error.

The construction of capacitor type VT depends on the

 Generally, h.v. capacitors are enclosed in a porcelain

A large metal sheet box at the base encloses the tuning

Above 400 KV Class CVTs are invariably used.

Variable choke with adjustable air gap is required to

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