#burningkeyboards

@denis_ristic

INTRODUCTION
TO PHP
INTRODUCTION TO PHP 2

PHP
SYNTAX
▸ A PHP script starts with <?php and ends with ?> (not always)

▸ PHP statements end with a semicolon (;)

▸ Comments in PHP

// This is a single-line comment

# This is also a single-line comment
/*
This is a multiple-lines comment block
that spans over multiple lines
*/

▸ In PHP, all keywords (e.g. if, else, while, echo, etc.), classes, functions, and user-defined functions
are NOT case-sensitive

▸ However; all variable names ARE case-sensitive.

INTRODUCTION TO PHP 3

PHP
VARIABLES
▸ In PHP, a variable starts with the $ sign, followed by the name of the
variable

▸ Rules for PHP variables:

▸ A variable starts with the $ sign, followed by the name of the variable

▸ A variable name must start with a letter or the underscore character

▸ A variable name cannot start with a number

▸ A variable name can only contain alpha-numeric characters

and underscores (A-z, 0-9, and _ )
INTRODUCTION TO PHP 4

PHP
VARIABLES
▸ PHP is a Loosely Typed Language

▸ The scope of a variable is the part of the script where the variable can
be referenced/used.

▸ PHP has three different variable scopes: local, global, static

▸ A variable declared outside a function has a global scope and can only
be accessed outside a function

▸ A variable declared within a function has a local scope and can only be
accessed within that function

▸ The global keyword is used to access a global variable from within a function
INTRODUCTION TO PHP 5

PHPECHO AND PRINT

STATEMENTS
▸ In PHP there are two basic ways to get output: echo and
print

▸ echo and print are more or less the same, they are
both used to output data to the screen

▸ The differences are small: echo has no return value

while print has a return value of 1 so it can be used in
expressions. echo can take multiple parameters
(although such usage is rare) while print can take one
argument. echo is marginally faster than print
INTRODUCTION TO PHP 6

PHP
E XA
<?php
MPLE
echo "Hello World!";

$txt = "Hello world!";

$x = 5;
$y = 10.5;

echo "I love $txt!";

echo "I love " . .
$txt
"!";
echo "I love {$txt}!";
echo $x + $y;
INTRODUCTION TO PHP 7

PHP EXAMPLE
<?php

function myTest() {
$x = 5; // local scope
echo "Variable x inside function is: $x";
}
myTest();

// using x outside the function will generate an error

echo "Variable x outside function is: $x";

$x = 5;
$y = 10;

function myTest() {
global $x, $y;
$y = $x + $y;
}

myTest();
echo $y; // outputs 15

function myTest() {
static $x = 0;
echo $x;
$x++;
}

myTest();
myTest();
INTRODUCTION TO PHP 8

PHP DATA
TYPES
▸ PHP supports the following data types:

▸ String

▸ Integer

▸ Float (floating point numbers - also called double)

▸ Boolean

▸ Array

▸ Object
INTRODUCTION TO PHP 9

DATA TYPES
EXAMPLE
<?php

$x = 'Hello world!';
echo $x;

$x = 5985;
var_dump($x);

$x = 10.365;
var_dump($x);

$x = true;
var_dump($x);

$cars = ["Volvo", "BMW", "Toyota"];

var_dump($cars);

class Car {
public $model;
function construct($model) {
$this->model = $model;
}
}

$golf = new Car("WW");

echo $golf->model;

$x = null;
var_dump($x);
INTRODUCTION TO PHP 1
0

PHP
CONSTANTS
▸ A constant is an identifier (name) for a simple value.
The value cannot be changed during the script.

▸ A valid constant name starts with a letter or underscore

(no
$ sign before the constant name).
INTRODUCTION TO PHP 1
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CONSTANTS
EXAMPLE
<?php

define("SOMECONTANT", "burning keyboards”);

echo SOMECONSTANT; // outputs "burning keyboards"

INTRODUCTION TO PHP 1
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ARITHMETIC& ASSIGNMENT
OPERATORS
<?php

$x = 10;
$y = 5;

echo $x + $y; // outputs 15

echo $x - $y; // outputs 5
echo $x * $y; // outputs 50
echo $x / $y; // outputs 2
echo $x % $y; // outputs 5
echo $x ** $y; // outputs 100000

$x += $y; // equal to $x = $x + $y
$x -= $y; // equal to $x = $x - $y
$x *= $y; // equal to $x = $x * $y
$x /= $y; // equal to $x = $x / $y
$x %= $y; // equal to $x = $x % $y
$x **= $y; // equal to $x = $x ** $y
INTRODUCTION TO PHP 1
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COMPARSI ON
OPERATORS
<?php

$x = 10;
$y = 5;

$x == $y; // equal
$x === $y; // identical (equal + same type)
$x != $y; // not equal
$x !== $y; // not identical
$x <> $y; // not equal

$x > $y; // greater than

$x >= $y; // greater than or equal
$x < $y; // less than
$x <= $y; // less than or equal
INTRODUCTION TO PHP 1
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INCREMENT/ DECREMENT & LOGICAL

OPERATORS
<?php

++$x; // Pre-increment - increments $x by one, then returns $x

$x++; // Post-increment - returns $x, then increments $x by one
--$x; // Pre-decrement - decrements $x by one, then returns $x
$x--; // Post-decrement - returns $x, then decrements $x by one

$x && $y; // AND, returns true if both $x and $y are true

$x || $y; // OR, returns true if either $x or $y are true
$x xor $y; // XOR, returns true if either $x or $y is true, but not both
!$x; // NOT, returns true if $x is not true
INTRODUCTION TO PHP 1
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STRING
OPERATORS
<?php

$str = $str1 . $str2; // concatenation

$str .= $str1; // concatenation assignment, appends $str2 to $str
INTRODUCTION TO PHP 1
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CONDITIONAL
S
<?php

$i = 11;
if ($i < 10) {
echo "Number is smaller than 10!";
} else if ($i < 20) {
echo "Number is smaller than 20!";
} else {
echo "Number is greater or equal to 20!";
}

$favoritecolor = "red";
switch ($favoritecolor) {
case "red":
echo "Your favorite color is red!";
break;
case "blue":
echo
"Your
favorite
color is
blue!";
break;
case "green":
echo
"Your
favorite
color is
green!";
break;
INTRODUCTION TO PHP 1
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LOOP
S
<?php

$x = 1;
while ($x <= 5) {
echo "The number is: $x";
$x++;
}

$x = 6;
do {
echo "The number is: $x";
$x++;
} while ($x <= 5); // this evaluates at the end, so it will always print once

for ($x = 0; $x <= 10; $x++) {

echo "The number is: $x";
}

$colors = ["red", "green", "blue", "yellow"];

foreach ($colors as $color) {
echo "$color <br>";
}
INTRODUCTION TO PHP 1
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FUNCTION
S
<?php

function writeMsg() {
echo "Hello world!";
}
writeMsg(); // call the function

function writeMsg($msq = "Default one") {

echo "My message: $msg";
}
writeMsg("New message");
INTRODUCTION TO PHP 1
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ARRA
YS
<?php

$cars = ["BMW", "Mercedes", "Audi"];

echo "I like " . $cars[0] . ", " . $cars[1] . " and " . $cars[2] . ".";

$cars_length = count($cars);
for ($x = 0; $x < $cars_length; $x++) {
echo $cars[$x];
}

$cars = [
"BMW" => "350d",
"Mercedes" => [
"E" => [220, 250, 300],
"S" => "500"
]
"Audi" => ["A8", "A6", "A4"]
];
echo "I like " . $cars['BMW'] . ".";

foreach ($cars as $key => $value) {

echo "Key: " . $key . ", Value: " . $value;
}
INTRODUCTION TO PHP 2
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STRING
S
<?php

echo strlen("Hello world!"); // outputs 12

echo strrev("Hello world!");// outputs !dlrow olleH
echo strtoupper("Hello world!");// outputs HELLOWORLD!
echostrpos("Hello world!", "world"); //outputs6
echo str_replace("world", "Dolly", "Hello world!"); //
outputs Hello Dolly!

var_dump(str_split("Hello world!")); // outputs ["H", "e", "l", "l", "o", " ",
"w", "o","r", "l", "d", “!"]

var_dump(explode(" ", "Hello world!")); // outputs ["Hello", "world!"]

echo implode(" ", ["Hello", "world!"]); // outputs Hello world!

$number = 123;
printf("With 2 decimals: %1\$.2f, With no decimals: %1\$u", $number);
INTRODUCTION TO PHP 2
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SUPERGLOBAL
S
▸ Several predefined variables in PHP are "superglobals", which means that they are
always accessible, regardless of scope - and you can access them from any function,
class or file without having to do anything special.

▸ The PHP superglobal variables are:

▸ $GLOBALS

▸ $_SERVER

▸ $_REQUEST

▸ $_POST

▸ $_GET

▸ $_FILES
INTRODUCTION TO PHP 2
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DATE &
TIME
<?php

echo "Today is " . date("d.m.Y H:i:s");

$d = mktime(11, 14, 54, 7, 5, 2017);

echo "Created date is " . date("Y-m-d h:i:sa", $d);

$d = strtotime("10:30pm July 5 2017");

echo "Created date is " . date("Y-m-d h:i:sa", $d);

$d = strtotime("tomorrow");
echo date("Y-m-d h:i:sa", $d);

$d = strtotime("next Saturday");
echo date("Y-m-d h:i:sa", $d);

$d = strtotime("+3 Months");
echo date("Y-m-d h:i:sa", $d);

$nextWeek = time() + (7 * 24 * 60 * 60); // + 7 days

echo 'Next Week: '. date('Y-m-d', $nextWeek);
INTRODUCTION TO PHP 2
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FILE
HANDLING
<?php

echo readfile("some.txt");

$file = file_get_contents('some.txt'); // returns string

$homepage = file_get_contents('http://www.google.com/'); // returns string

$lines = file('some.txt');
foreach ($lines as $line_num => $line) {
echo "Line #{$line_num} : " . $line . "\n";
}

$myfile = fopen("some.txt", "r") or die("Unable to open file!");

echo fread($myfile, filesize("some.txt"));
fclose($myfile);

$myfile = fopen("some.txt", "r") or

die("Unable to open file!");
while (!feof($myfile)) {
echo fgets($myfile);
}
fclose($myfile);

$myfile = fopen("newfile.txt", "w") or die("Unable to open file!");

fwrite($myfile, "First line\n");
fwrite($myfile, "Second line\n");
fclose($myfile);
INTRODUCTION TO PHP 2
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COOKE
I
S
<?php

setcookie("username", "John Doe", time() + (86400 * 30), "/"); // 86400 = 1 day

if (!isset($_COOKIE["username"])) {
echo "Cookie named username is not set!";
} else {
echo "Cookie username is set and has value " . $_COOKIE["username"];
}

// modify cookie
setcookie("username", "Jane Doe", time() + (86400 * 30), "/");

// delete cookie
setcookie("username", "", time() - 3600);
INTRODUCTION TO PHP 2
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SESSION
S
<?php
// Start the
session
session_start();

// Set session
variables
$_SESSION["username"
]

"Jon

Doe";

echo "Username is "

.
$_SESSION["username"
];

// modify session
$_SESSION["username"
]
INTRODUCTION TO PHP 2
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ERROR
HANDLING
<?php

if (!file_exists("welcome.txt")) {
die("File not found");
} else {
$file = fopen(“welcome.txt", "r");
}

function customError($errno, $errstr) {

echo "<b>Error:</b> [$errno] $errstr \n";
}
set_error_handler("customError");

$test = 2;
if ($test >= 1) {
trigger_error("Value must be 1 or below");
}

error_log("You messed up!", 3, "/var/tmp/my-errors.log");

INTRODUCTION TO PHP 2
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EXCEPTION
S
<?php

function checkNum($number) {
if ($number>1) {
throw new Exception("Value must be 1 or below");
}
return true;
}

//trigger exception
checkNum(2);

try
{ checkNum(
2);
//If the
exception is
thrown, this
text will
not be shown
echo 'If you see
this, the
number is 1
or below';
} catch
(Exception $e) {
echo 'Message: '
.$e-
>getMessage(
);
}
INTRODUCTION TO PHP 2
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INCLUDE
S
<?php

include 'header.php';
//include will only produce a warning (E_WARNING) and the script will continue

require 'body.php';
// require will produce a fatal error (E_COMPILE_ERROR) and stop the script

require_once 'footer.php';
// the require_once statement is identicalto require exceptPHPwill check if the
file has already been included, and if so, not include(require)it again.
INTRODUCTION TO PHP 2
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PHP
REFERENCES
▸ PHP Manual

▸ http://php.net/manual/en/

▸ Zend PHP 101

▸ https://devzone.zend.com/6/php-101-php-for-the-absolute-
beginner/

▸ PHP The Right Way

▸ http://www.phptherightway.com/
INTRODUCTION TO PHP 3
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PHP
REFERENCES
▸ PHP Best Practices

▸ https://phpbestpractices.org/

▸ PHP FIG

▸ http://www.php-fig.org/

▸ PHP Security

▸ http://phpsecurity.readthedocs.io/en/latest/index.html

▸ The PHP Benchmark

▸ http://phpbench.com/