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Limits, Fits & Tolerances

This document discusses types of geometrical tolerances and dimensional tolerances used in engineering drawings. It describes form tolerances for flat and cylindrical surfaces, as well as position tolerances. It also defines terminology used for various geometrical deviations. Dimensional tolerances cover topics like basic dimensions, tolerance zones, and representations of tolerances. The document concludes by explaining fits between holes and shafts using different tolerance systems.

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43 views33 pages

Limits, Fits & Tolerances

This document discusses types of geometrical tolerances and dimensional tolerances used in engineering drawings. It describes form tolerances for flat and cylindrical surfaces, as well as position tolerances. It also defines terminology used for various geometrical deviations. Dimensional tolerances cover topics like basic dimensions, tolerance zones, and representations of tolerances. The document concludes by explaining fits between holes and shafts using different tolerance systems.

Uploaded by

SUMEET SINGH
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Limits, Fits & Tolerances

Types of Geometrical Tolerances


Form of Tolerances
Deviations in flat-surfaces
 Tolerance of straightness

 Tolerances of flatness

Deviations in cylindrical and conical surfaces


 In axial section
 Barrel form

 Concave or convex form

 Curvature of axes

 Taper

 In a transverse section
 Oval form

 Lobed form
Position Tolerances
Deviations in relative location of surfaces
 Radial run out
 Axial run out
 Misalignment

 Non-parallelism of axes
 Incorrect location of intersecting axes
 Non-parallel surfaces
 Non-perpendicular surfaces
Terminology for Geometrical Deviations
Tolerance of straightness
It is determined by the distance between two parallel
lines in plane (say P) right angle with the tested surface.
Tolerance of flatness
It is expressed as the distance between two planes (say
M and N) which enclose the tested surface between
them.
Barrel form, bow form and curvature of axes
They are determined by the difference between the
diameters of cross-sections at the mid-point and ends.
Taper
It is the ratio of difference in the diameters of two cross-
sections at right angle to axis and axial distance between
them.
Oval form and lobed form
These forms are decided by the difference between
major and minor axes of the elliptical shape of a cross-
section.
The lobed form is the one in which the cross-section
contour is made of arcs drawn from different centres.
Radial run out and axial run out
Radial run out is the maximum difference of radial
distance between two concentric circles measured in the
right angle plane to the axis of work-piece for one
complete revolution.
This is due to misalignment of axes, ovality, lobed form
and bending of axes.
Axial run out is the maximum deviation of end surface
from the right angle plane with the axis of the part.
Misalignment
It is the deviation of axes which should normally
coincide with the geometrical axis.
This can be axial misalignment or angular misalignment
Incorrect location of intersecting axes
It is determined as the angular deviation from the
specified angle of intersection and the deviation from the
point of intersection.
Non-perpendicular surfaces
It is the amount of deviation between two orthogonal
surfaces measured by a right angle.
Datum
It is defined as the ideal geometrical references to which
the geometrical tolerance features are related.
It is indicated by a filled inverted triangle and leader line.
It is shown by capital letter enclosed in the triangular
frame.
Representation of Geometrical
Tolerances on drawing
Dimensional Tolerances
The difference between the maximum and minimum
limits of dimension is known as tolerance.
It is always advantageous to select course tolerances
without compromising the functional requirements of
the part.
The system in which deviations are accepted, is known
as limit system.
Terminology for dimensional tolerances
Basic dimension
It is the dimension of the machine part obtained by
design calculations.
The allowable maximum and minimum limits are
decided with reference to the basic size.
Upper deviation
It is the algebraic difference between the maximum size
and basic size.
Upper deviation = maximum limit – basic size
Lower deviation
It is an algebraic difference between the minimum limit
and basic size.
Lower deviation = minimum limit – basic size
Tolerance zone
It is an algebraic difference between the maximum limit
and minimum limit.
Tolerance zone = maximum limit – minimum limit
Actual size
It is the size of component as may be found by actual
measurement.
For a component to be acceptable actual size should be
within maximum limit and minimum limit.
Zero line
In the graphical representation of tolerance system, the
zero line represents the basic size.
The upper deviation and the lower deviation are
measured from the zero line.
Unilateral limits
It is the method of representing limits.
When both the limits of size are on the same side of zero
line, the component dimension has unilateral limits.
Bilateral Limits
Here, one of the limits of the size is on one side of the
zero line and the other limit of size is on the other side
of the zero line.
Maximum material condition
This is defined as the upper limit of the shaft and the
lower limit of the hole.
Minimum material condition
This is defined as the lower limit of shaft and the upper
limit of the hole.
Allowance
It is an intentional difference between the maximum
material limits of mating parts.
Mating surfaces and mating dimensions
When two components are assembled, the contact
surfaces are known as mating surfaces and their
dimensions are termed as mating dimensions.
Basic shaft
A basic shaft is one whose upper deviation is zero.
e.g. shaft h
Basic hole
A basic hole is one whose lower deviation is zero.
e.g. hole H
Selection of tolerances
The amount of tolerance depends upon
The functional requirement of mating components
Manufacturing process available
Cost of manufacturing

Description Limits of tolerances


(microns)
General engineering ± 400
High class engineering ± 250
Extreme precision ± 125
Representation of dimensional
tolerances
Tolerances are specified as
Letter symbol
Number or grade method
Letter symbol
Here the tolerance is designated by selected letters of
alphabet in English language.
Holes are represented by capital letters from A to Z,
except I, L, O, Q and W.
Shafts are represented by a to z except I, l, o, q and w.
Number or grade method
In this method, the tolerance is represented by a
numerical symbol known as the grade.
There are 18 grades of tolerances, designated as IT01,
IT0, IT1 to IT16.
These grades of tolerances are known as fundamental
tolerances.
Standard tolerance unit i can be calculated for
different types of tolerance grade.
Grade Formulae
IT01 i = 0.3 + 0.008 D
IT0 i = 0.5 + 0.012 D
IT1 to IT4 i = 0.8 + 0.02 D
IT5 to IT16 i = 0.001 D + 0.45 (D^1/3)

Where, D = geometric mean of two diameters in a step


Representation of dimensional
tolerances on drawings
Following are three methods used in practice to show
tolerances on drawings
Maximum and minimum size directly shown
Unilateral and bilateral tolerances system
Basic size with symbols and numerals
Fits
This is the term used to indicate the condition of
tightness or looseness between two mating parts
assembled together.
The nature of fit is determined by the difference
between the hole (internal feature) and the shaft
(external feature) dimensions.
The fits are classified as
Clearance fit
Interference fit
Transition fit
Sliding fit
Clearance fit
When the smallest hole is greater than the largest shaft,
a clearance fit is obtained.
When relative motion between assembled parts is
required, a clearance fit between mating parts is
provided.
Interference fit
When the largest hole is smaller than the smallest shaft,
an interference fit is obtained.
For example, a pulley is t be fixed on a shaft.
Transition fit
This is obtained by overlapping tolerance zones of a
shaft and hole.
Consequently, this fit does not guarantee either
clearance or interference.
Sliding fit
It is special group of transition fit.
It does not guarantee for clearance or interference.
Hole basis system
The nominal size of hole is taken same as the design size.
The tolerance zone of hole is taken as constant, while the
tolerance zone of the shaft is varied above or below the
zero-line according to the required fits.
This system is popular in industries due to availability of
standard tools for producing holes such as drills, reamers
etc.
A shaft of variable tolerance for zone can be easily
manufactured.
The hole basis system is used for locomotive
construction, machine and engine building.
Shaft basis system
A nominal size is taken as a design size.
The tolerance zone of a shaft is adopted as constant
while a tolerance zone of the hole is changed above or
below zero-line according to the fits as required.
Representations of holes, shafts & fits
A shaft or hole is designated by
The basic size followed by
 The appropriate letter and
 Tolerance grade

For example –
 A Φ50 mm f-shaft with IT7 is indicated as Φ50f7.
 Similarly a Φ50 H-hole with IT8 is expressed as Φ50H8.
 For assembly of above mating parts, the fit is given by 50 H8-f7

or 50 H8/f7.

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