Hasnizam Hanafi Chapter 2: Final

Pusat Pengajian Circuit & Load

Kejuruteraan Estimation
Sistem Elektrik
 Definition of a final circuit

• A circuit connected directly to current using

equipment, or to a socket outlet or socket
outlets or other points for the connection of
such equipment
• An outlet is defined as the termination of fixed
wiring feeding a luminaire, socket, or any
current consuming appliance. From this it will
be seen that a final circuit might consist of a
pair of 1.5mm2 cables feeding a few lights or a
very 3 core cable feeding a large motor direct
from a circuit breaker or main switchboard.
 Definition of a final circuit

• Socket outlet: A device, provided with female

contacts, which is intended to be installed with
the fixed wiring, and intended to a receive plug.
A luminaire track system is not regarded as a
socket outlet system
Definition of a final circuit
IEE Regulations for Final Circuit
 Final Circuit Distribution

• Final circuits can be divided into the following types,

all of which will need different treatment when
planning the size of the conductors and the rating of
the overcurrent devices:
The general of final circuits are:
1. Final circuit feeding 13A sockets to BS 1363
2. Final circuit feeding sockets to BS EN 60309-2
(industrial types 16A, 32A, 63A and 125A)
3. Final circuit feeding fluorescent or types of
discharge lighting
4. Final circuit feeding motors
5. Final circuit feeding cookers
Sockets
Final circuit feeding 13A sockets to BS 1363

• The main advantages of the

13A socket with fused plug are
that any appliance with a
loading not exceeding 3.12kW
(13A at 240V) may be
connected with perfect safety to
any 13A socket, and under
certain conditions an unlimited
number of socket may be
connected to any one circuit .
Final circuit feeding 13A sockets to
BS 1363

• 13A socket outlets circuits can

be fed by either radial or ring
circuits.
Final circuit feeding 13A sockets to BS 1363
(Radial circuit arrangement)
Final circuit feeding 13A sockets to BS 1363
(Ring circuit arrangement)
• A ring circuits utilises one additional conductor
to loop back to the sending end. In other
words, the socket outlets in the ring circuit are
fed by two parallel conductors.
Final circuit feeding 13A sockets to BS 1363
(Ring circuit arrangement)
• The sharing of the load between the two
parallel conductors will depend on the load
distribution within the ring.
Final circuit feeding 13A sockets to BS 1363

• Recommendations exist in the IEE Regulations

for standard circuit arrangements with 13A
sockets. These permit 13A sockets to be wired
on the final circuits as follows (subject to any
derating factors for ambient temperature,
grouping or voltage drop):
Final circuit feeding 13A sockets to BS 1363

a. An unlimited number of socket outlets

connected to a final circuit serving a floor
area not exceeding 100m2 wired with
2.5mm2 PVC insulated cables in the form
of a ring, and protected by 30A or 32A
overcurrent protective device. In actual
practice, 10 number of socket outlets
connected to a final circuit wired with
2.5mm2 PVC insulated cables in the form
of a ring.
 Final circuit feeding 13A sockets to BS
1363

b. An unlimited number of socket outlets

connected to a final circuit serving in floor area
not exceeding 75m2 with 4mm2 PVC insulated
cables on a radial circuit and protected by an
overcurrent device of 30A or 32A rating.
 Final circuit feeding 13A sockets to BS
1363

c. An unlimited number of sockets connected to

a final circuit serving a floor area not
exceeding 50m2 with 2.5mm2 PVC insulated
cables on a radial circuit and protected by an
overcurrent device not exceeding 20A.
 Spurs

• Non fused spurs: A spur is a branch cable

connected to a 13A circuit. The total number of
non fused which may be connected to a 13A
circuit must not exceed the total number of
sockets connected direct the circuit. Not more
than one single or one twin socket outlet or one
fixed appliance may be connected to any one
spur. Non fused spurs may be looped from the
terminals of the nearest sockets, or by means
of a joint box in the circuit. The size of the
cable feeding non fused spurs must be the
same size as the circuit cable.
 Spurs

• Fused spurs: The cable forming a fused

spur must be connected to the ring circuit
by means of fused connection unit or
spurbox. The rating of the fuse in this unit
shall not exceed the rating of the cable
forming the spur and must not exceed
13A
 Malaysia Practices for 13A Socket Outlet (BS 1363)

Types of 13A Socket Area Malaysia Practices

Outlets
Size of wires Fuse/Circuit
Breaker
Rating
1. Single socket outlet 20m2 • 2.5mm2 PVC 16A
cables
2. Double socket outlet 20m2 • 2.5mm2 PVC 20A
cables
3. Ring (10 Nos 13A 100m2 • 2.5mm2 PVC 32A
socket outlet provided cables
they are all located
within an area of not
more than 1000 sq feet)
4. Radial (Max 6 Socket 50m2 • 4mm2 PVC 32A
Outlets) cables
 Final circuit for socket outlets to BS EN
60309-2

• These socket outlets are of the heavy industrial

type, and are suitable for single or three phase
with a scraping earth. Fuses are not fitted in the
sockets or the plugs. Current ratings range from
16A to 125A (16A, 32A, 63A & 125A).
 Final circuit for socket outlets to BS EN
60309-2
• The 16A sockets whether single or three phase,
may be wired only on radial circuits. The number
of sockets connected to a circuit is unlimited, but
the protective overcurrent device must not
exceed 20A. It is obvious that if these 16A
sockets are likely to be fully loaded then only
one should be connected to any one circuit. The
higher ratings will of course each be wired on a
separate circuit.
Final circuit for socket outlets to BS EN 60309-2
 Final circuit for motors
• Final circuit for motors need special
consideration, although in many respects they
are governed by the regulations which apply to
other types of final circuits. The current rating
cables in a circuit feeding a motor must be
based upon the full load current of the motors,
although the effect of the starting current will
need to be considered if frequent starting is
anticipated (IEE Regulation 552-1-1 pg 141).
 Final circuit for motors

• IEE Regulation 552-1-1 states all equipment,

including cable, of every circuit carrying the
starting, accelerating and load current of a motor
shall be suitable for current at least equal to the
full load current of the motor when rated in
accordance with appropriate British Standard.
Where the motor is intended for intermittent duty
and for frequent starting and stopping, account
shall be taken of any cumulative effects of the
starting or braking current upon the temperature
rise of the equipment of the circuit.
 Final circuit for motors
• Every electric motor exceeding 0.37kW shall be
provided with control equipment incorporating
protection against overload of the motor. Several
motors not exceeding 0.37kW each can be
supplied by one circuit, providing protection is
provided at each motor.
 Final circuit for motors
• All isolators must be ‘suitably placed’
which means they must be near the
starter, but if the motor is remote and out
of sight of the starter then an additional
isolator must be provided near the motor.
All isolators, of whatever kind, should be
labelled to indicate which motor they
control.
 Final circuit for motors
• The cutting off of voltage does not include
the neutral ins systems where the neutral
is connected to earth. For the purposes of
mechanical maintenance, isolators enable
the person carrying out maintenance to
ensure that all voltage is cut off from the
machine and the control gear being
worked upon, and to be certain that it is
not possible for someone else to switch it
on again inadvertently. Where isolators
are located remote from the machine, they
should have removable or lockable
handles to prevent this occurrence.
 Final circuit for motors (Motor Starters)

Motor starters
• It is necessary that each motor be provided with
a means of starting and stopping, and so placed
as to be easily worked by the person in charged
of the motor. The starter controlling every motor
must incorporate means of ensuring that in the
event of a drop in voltage or failure of supply, the
motor does not start automatically on the
restoration of supply, where unexpected re
starting could cause danger. Starters should be
fitted with undervoltage trips, which have to be
manually reset after having tripped.
 Final circuit for motors (Motor Starters)

• Every motor having a rating exceeding 0.37kW

(1/2 hp) must also be controlled by a starter
which incorporates an overcurrent device with a
suitable time lag to look after starting current
(IEE Regulation 552-1-2). These starters are
generally fitted with thermal overloads which
have an inherent time lag, or with the magnetic
type usually have oil dashpot time lags. These
time lags can usually be adjusted, and are
normally set to operate at 10% above full load
current. Electronic protective relays are also
available now and these provide a fine degree of
protection.
 Final circuit for motors

Rating of protective device

• IEE Regulation 433-2-2 states that the
overcurrent protective device may be placed
along the run of the conductors (providing no
branch circuits are installed), therefore the
overcurrent protective device could be the one
incorporated in the starter, and need not be
duplicated at the commencement of the circuit.
 Final circuit for motors

Short circuit protection must be provided to

protect the circuit, and shall be placed where a
reduction occurs in the value of the current
carrying capacity of the conductors of the
installation (i.e such as in a distribution board).
The device may, however, be placed on the load
side of a circuit providing the conductors
between the point where the value of current
carrying capacity is reduced and the position of
the protective device do not exceed 3m length
and providing the risk of fault current, fire and
danger to persons is reduced to a minimum (IEE
Regulation 433-2-2).
 Final circuit for motors

• When motors take very heavy and

prolonged starting currents it may well be
that fuses will not be sufficient to handle
the starting current of the motor, and it
may be necessary to install an overcurrent
device with the necessary time delay
characteristic, or to install larger cables.
 Final circuit for motors

• With three phase motors, if fuses protecting the

circuit are not large enough to carry the starting
current for a sufficient time, it is possible that
one may operate, thus causing the motor to run
on two phases. This could cause serious
damage to the motor, although most motor
starters have inherent safeguards against this
occurrence.
 Final circuit for motors

• The ideal arrangement is to back up the

overcurrent device in the motor starter with HBC
fuselinks which have discriminating
characteristics which will carry heavy starting
currents for longer periods than the overload
device. If there is a short circuit, the HBC fuses
will operate and clear the short circuit before the
short circuit kVA reaches dangerous proportions.
 Final circuit for cooker (IEE Regulation 476-03-04)

• A cooker is regarded as a piece of fixed

equipment unless it is a small table-mounted
type fed from a plug by a flexible cord. Such
equipment must be under the control of a local
switch, usually in the form of a cooker control
unit. This switch may control two cookers,
provided both are within 2m of it.
 Final circuit for cooker (IEE Regulation 476-03-04)

• In many cases this control unit incorporates a socket

outlet, although often such a socket is not in the
safest position for use to supply portable appliances,
whose flexible cords may be burned by the
hotplates. It is often considered safer to control the
cooker with a switch and to provide a separate
socket circuit. The protective device is often the
most highly rated in a installation, particularly in a
domestic situation, so there is a need to ensure that
diversity has been properly calculated (see Table 2).
 Final circuits feeding fluorescent and other types of
discharge lighting

• Electric discharge lighting may be divided into

two groups: those which operate in the
200V/250V range, and the high voltage type
which may use voltage up to 5000V to earth.
The first group includes tubular fluorescent
lamps which are available in rating 8W to 125W,
sodium lamps which are rated from 35W to
400W, also high pressure mercury vapour lamps
rated from 80W to 1000W, and other forms of
discharge lighting. The second group includes
neon signs and similar means of high voltage
lighting.
 Final circuits feeding fluorescent and other types of
discharge lighting

• Low voltage discharge lighting circuits:

Regulations governing the design of final circuits
for this group are the same as those which apply
to final circuits feeding tungsten lighting points,
but there are additional factors to be taken into
account. The current rating is based upon the
‘total steady current’ which includes the lamp, and
any associated control gear, such as chokes or
transformers, and also their harmonic currents. In
absence of manufacturers’ data, this can be
arrived at by multiplying the rated lamp power in
watts by 1.8, and is based on the assumption that
the power factor is not less than 0.85 lagging.
Final circuits feeding fluorescent and other types
of discharge lighting (summary)
For low voltage discharge lighting:

Total Loading (W) = Prated, lamp x 1.8

Based on assumption that:

The power factor, cos θ not less than 0.85 lagging
Total steady current which includes the lamp and any
associated control gear such as chokes or transformers
and their harmonic current

For some fluorescent lamp circuit (especially the 125W

switch start type)

Total Loading (W) = Prated, lamp x 2

 Final circuits feeding fluorescent and other types of
discharge lighting

• Circuit switches: Circuit switches controlling

fluorescent circuits should be designed for
purpose otherwise they should be rated at twice
that of the design current in the circuit; quick-
make and slow break switches must be used.
Quick break switches must not be sued as they
might break the circuit at the peak of its
frequency wave, and cause a very high induced
voltage might flash over to earth.
 Diversity Factor

• Diversity factor, DF is the ratio of the sum of the maximum power

demands of the subdivisions, parts of a system, to the maximum
demand of the whole system or part of the system under
consideration.

IEE ON SITE GUIDE DIVERSITY FACTOR

 Maximum Demand

• Maximum demand (often referred to as MD) is the

largest current normally carried by circuits, switches and
protective devices; it does not include the levels of
current flowing under overload or short circuit conditions

Maximum Demand, MD  Connected Load  CL  x Diversity Factor (DF)

 Example 1

• A shop has the following single-phase loads, which are

balanced as evenly as possible across the 415 V three-phase
supply.

• 2 x 6 kW and 7 x 3kW thermostatically controlled water

heaters
2 x 3 kW instantaneous water heaters
2 x 6 kW and 1 x 4 kW cookers
12 kW of discharge lighting (Sum of tube ratings)
8 x 30 A ring circuits feeding 13 A sockets.

• Calculate the total demand of the system, assuming that

diversity can be applied. Calculations will be based on Table
2.
 Solution Example 1

• The single-phase voltage for a 415V three-phase system is

415
 240V
3

• All loads with the exception of the discharge lighting can be

assumed to be at unity power factor, so current may be
calculated from

P
I
V
 Solution Example 1

• Water heaters (thermostatic)

No diversity is allowable, so the total load will be:
(2 x 6) + (7 x 3) kW = 12 + 21kW = 33kW
• This gives a total single-phase current of

33 x10 3
I  137.6 A
240
 Solution Example 1

• Water heaters (instantaneous)

• 100% of largest plus 100% of next means that in effect there
is no allowable diversity.
• Single-phase current =

100 3000 100 3000 3000

 x  x  2x  25.0 A
100 240 100 240 240
 Solution Example 1

• Cookers

100% of largest 6000 25.0A

I  25.0 A
240
80% of second 80  6000  20.0A
I x   20.0 A
100  240 
60% of remainder 60  4000  10.0A
I x   10 A
100  240 
Total for cookers 55.0A
 Solution Example 1

• Discharge lighting
• 90% of total which must be increased to allow for power factor
and control gear losses.
• Lighting current

90 12000
 x x1.8  81.1 A
100 240
 Solution Example 1

• Ring circuits
• First circuit 100%, so current is 30 A
• 75% of remainder
75
 x30 Ax7  157.5 A
100
• Total current demand for ring circuits = 187.5A
• Total single phase current demand = 486.2A
• Since a perfect balance is assumed, three phase line current
486.2
  162 A
3
 Example 2

• A 240 V domestic cooker has the following connected loads:

top oven 1.5kW
main oven 2.5kW
grill 2.0kW
four hotplates 2.0kW each

• The cooker control unit includes a 13 A socket outlet.

Calculate a suitable rating for the protective device. Calculate
the total demand of the system, assuming that diversity can
be applied.
 Solution Example 2

• Assume the power factor, cos θ is 1.

• The total cooker load is 1.5 + 2.5 + 2.0 + (4 x 2.0) kW = 14 kW
• Total current

P 14 x10 3
   58.3 A
V 240
 Solution Example 2

• The demand is made up of:

the first 10 A 10A

+ 30% of remainder 30 14.5A

 x  58. 3  10   14.5 A
100
+ allowance for 5A
socket outlet

Total 29.5A
 LOAD ESTIMATION

No Types of Load JKR

1. 13A Switch Socket Outlet 250W (Domestic)
300W (Industry)
2. Lighting:
a) Fluorescent Fittings
i) 1 x 18W 24W
ii) 2 x18W 48W
iii) 3 x 18W 72W
iv) 4 x 18W 96W
v) 1 x 36W 42W
vi) 2 x 36W 84W
vii) 3 x 36W 126W
viii) 4 x 36W 168W
No Types of Load JKR
b) 100W down light 100W
c) Emergency light Table Appendix 2.1
d) Exit light 20W
3. Ceiling fan c/w regulator 80W
4. Exhaust fan 70W
5. Wall fan 70W
6. 15A Switch Socket Outlet 500W
7. Isolator 20A TPN Table Appendix 2.1
8. Isolator 30A TPN Table Appendix 2.1
9. Isolator 60A TPN Table Appendix 2.1
10. Fire Alarm System 250W
11. Water Heater 3kW
Cooking Unit 7.5kW