General Mathematics Lesson 1 Representations On Functions and Relations

This document provides definitions and examples of functions, relations, and piecewise functions in mathematics. It defines a function as a relation where each element in the domain is related to only one value in the range. Relations can be represented using ordered pairs, tables, graphs, and other methods. Piecewise functions use two or more different formulas depending on the value of the input variable, and are useful for modeling situations with discontinuous behavior. Examples demonstrate how to write piecewise functions to represent costs that vary under different conditions.

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General Mathematics Lesson 1 Representations On Functions and Relations

Uploaded by

Bernadette Remigio - Jovellanos

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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

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General Mathematics

LESSON 1

Representations on Functions and

Relations
Definition
A relation is a rule that relates values from a set of values
(called the domain) to a second set of values (called the
range)

A relation is a set of ordered pairs (x, y)

Definition
A function is a relation where each element in the domain
is related to only one value in the
range by some rule.

A function is a set of ordered pairs (𝑥, 𝑦) such that no two

ordered pairs have the same x-value
but different y-values.
Using functional notation, we can write
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑦, read as
“𝑓 𝑜𝑓 𝑥 𝑖𝑠 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑡𝑜 𝑦.”
In particular, if (1, 2) is an ordered pair
associated with the function f,
then we say that 𝑓(2) = 1.
What’s More!
Relations can be represented by using ordered pairs,
graph, table of values,
mapping diagram and rule or equations. Determine
which of the following represents
functions.
1. Ordered Pairs
Example 1. Which of the following relations are
functions?
𝑓 = (1, 3), (4, 1), (2, 0), (7,2)
𝑔 = (3, 2), (4,4), (3, 3), (8, 9)
ℎ = (1, 2), (2, 3), (3, 4), (4, 5)
Solution:
The relations 𝑓 and ℎ are functions because no two
ordered pairs have the
same x-value but different y-values. Meanwhile, 𝑔 is
not a function because
(3,2) and (3, 3) are ordered pairs with the same x-
value but different y values.
2. Table of values
Example 2A

Answer: Function.
This is a many-to- one correspondence.
2. Table of values
Example 2B
x 1 1 1 2 4
y 1 2 3 4 5

Answer: Relation.
This is a one- to- many correspondence.
3. Mapping Diagrams
Example 3. Which of the following mapping
diagrams represent functions?

The relations f and g are functions because each value y in Y is unique for
a specific value of x. The relation h is not a function because there is at
least one element in X for which there is more than one corresponding y value. For example, 𝑥 =
2 corresponds to 𝑦 = 20 or 40.
A relation between two sets of numbers can be
illustrated by a graph in the Cartesian plane, and that
a function passes the vertical line test.

The Vertical Line Test

A graph represents a function if and only if each
vertical line intersects the graph
at most once.
Which of the following can be graphs of functions?
Solution.
Graphs 2, 3, 4 are graphs of functions while 1 and 5 are not because they
do not pass the vertical line test.
The domain of a relation is the set of all possible values that the variable
x can take.
Identify the domain for each relation using set builder notation.

a. 𝑦 = 3𝑥 − 2
b. 𝑦 = 3𝑥2 − 4x
c. 𝑥2 + 𝑦2 = 1
d. 𝑦 =
e. 𝑦= (2𝑥+1)/(𝑥 −1)
f. 𝑦 = ⌊𝑥⌋ + 1 is a greatest integer function.
The domain of a relation is the set of all possible values that the variable
x can take.
Identify the domain for each relation using set builder notation.

a. 𝑦 = 3𝑥 − 2 {𝒙: 𝒙 ∈ 𝑹}
b. 𝑦 = 3𝑥2 − 4x {𝒙: 𝒙 ∈ 𝑹}
c. 𝑥2 + 𝑦2 = 1 {𝒙: 𝒙 ∈ 𝑹, −𝟏 ≤ 𝒙 ≤ 𝟏}
d. 𝑦 = {𝒙: 𝒙 ∈ 𝑹, 𝒙 ≥ 𝟒}
e. 𝑦= (2𝑥+1)/(𝑥 −1) {𝒙: 𝒙 ∈ 𝑹, 𝒙 ≠ 𝟏}
f. 𝑦 = ⌊𝑥⌋ + 1 is a greatest integer function. {𝒙: 𝒙 ∈ 𝑹}
Functions as representations of real-life situations.

Example 1
Give a function C that can represent the cost of buying x meals, if one
meal costs P40.

Solution: Since each meal costs P40, then the cost function is 𝐶(𝑥) = 40𝑥.
Functions as representations of real-life situations.

Example 2
One hundred meters of fencing is available to enclose a rectangular area
next to a river (see figure). Give a function a that can represent the area
that can be enclosed, in terms of x.
Functions as representations of real-life situations.

Solution.
The area of the rectangular enclosure is 𝐴 = 𝑥𝑦.
We will write this as a function of 𝑥.
Since only 100 m of fencing is available,
then 𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 100 or
𝑦 = 100−𝑥
2
= 50 – 0.5𝑥.
Thus, 𝐴 = 𝑥(50 – 0.5𝑥)
= 50𝑥 – 0.5𝑥2
Piecewise Functions
Some situations can only be described by more than
one formula, depending on the
value of the independent variable.

A piecewise function is a function built from pieces

of different functions over different intervals.
Piecewise Functions
Example 1.
A user is charged 𝑃300 monthly for a particular mobile plan,
which includes 100 free text messages. Messages in excess of
100 are charged P1 each.
Represent the monthly cost for text messaging using the
function 𝑡(𝑚), where m is the number of messages sent in a
month.
Piecewise Functions
Solution. The cost of text messaging can be expressed by the
piecewise function

𝑡(𝑚) = 300 , 𝑖𝑓 0 < 𝑚 ≤ 100

300 + 𝑚 , 𝑖𝑓 𝑚 > 100
Piecewise Functions
Example 2.
A jeepney ride costs P8.00 for the first 4 kilometers, and each
additional integer kilometer adds P1.50 to the fare. Use a
piecewise function to represent the jeepney fare in terms of the
distance (d) in kilometers.
Piecewise Functions
Solution. The input value is distance and the output is the cost of
the jeepney fare. If 𝐹(𝑑) represents the fare as a function of
distance, the function can be
represented as follows:
𝐹(𝑑) = 8.00 , 𝑖𝑓 0 < 𝑑 ≤ 4
8 + 1⌊𝑑⌋ , 𝑖𝑓 𝑑 > 4
Note that ⌊𝑑⌋ is the floor function applied to d. The floor function
gives the largest integer less than or equal to d, e.g. ⌊4.1⌋ = ⌊4.9⌋
= ⌊4⌋
Piecewise Functions
Example 3.
Water can exist in three states: solid ice, liquid water, and gaseous water
vapor. As ice is heated, its temperature rises until it hits the melting point
of 0°C and stays constant until the ice melts. The temperature then rises
until it hits the boiling point of 100°C and stays constant until the water
evaporates. When the water is in a gaseous state, its temperature can rise
above 100°C (This is why steam can cause third degree burns!).
Piecewise Functions
Example 3.
A solid block of ice is at -25°C and heat is added until it completely turns into water
vapor. Sketch the graph of the function representing the temperature of water as a
function of the amount of heat added in Joules given the following information:
 The ice reaches 0°C after applying 940 J.
 The ice completely melts into liquid water after applying a total of 6,950 J.
 The water starts to boil (100°C) after a total of 14,470 J.
 The water completely evaporates into steam after a total of 55,260 J.
Assume that rising temperature is linear. Explain why this is a piecewise function
Piecewise Functions
Solution. Let 𝑇(𝑥) represent the temperature of the water in
degrees Celsius as a function of cumulative heat added in Joules.
The function T(x) can be graphed as follows:
Piecewise Functions
Solution.
Piecewise Functions
This is a piecewise function because the temperature rise can be
expressed as a linear function with positive slope until the
temperature hits 0°C, then it becomes a constant function until
the total heat reaches 6,950𝐾 𝐽. It then becomes linear again
until the temperature reaches 100°C, and becomes a constant
function again until the total heat reaches 55,260 𝐽.
Piecewise Functions
T(x) =