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    Antibodies. Cells Cooperation in Immune Response

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    tsegaab yoseph
    1. Antibodies (immunoglobulins) are Y-shaped proteins produced by plasma cells that react specifically with antigens. They have light and heavy polypeptide chains that give them variable antigen-binding regions and constant regions that determine their functions. 2. There are five major classes of antibodies (immunoglobulins): IgG, IgM, IgA, IgE, and IgD. They have different structures and functions like opsonization, complement activation, placental transport, and mediating allergic reactions. 3. Upon first exposure to an antigen, the primary immune response produces mostly IgM antibodies and has a lag period before the response. Secondary exposure leads to a more

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    Antibodies. Cells Cooperation in Immune Response

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    tsegaab yoseph
    78 views20 pages
    1. Antibodies (immunoglobulins) are Y-shaped proteins produced by plasma cells that react specifically with antigens. They have light and heavy polypeptide chains that give them variable antigen-binding regions and constant regions that determine their functions. 2. There are five major classes of antibodies (immunoglobulins): IgG, IgM, IgA, IgE, and IgD. They have different structures and functions like opsonization, complement activation, placental transport, and mediating allergic reactions. 3. Upon first exposure to an antigen, the primary immune response produces mostly IgM antibodies and has a lag period before the response. Secondary exposure leads to a more

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    Antibodies

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    1. Antibodies (immunoglobulins) are Y-shaped proteins produced by plasma cells that react specifically with antigens. They have light and heavy polypeptide chains that give them variable antigen-binding regions and constant regions that determine their functions. 2. There are five major classes of antibodies (immunoglobulins): IgG, IgM, IgA, IgE, and IgD. They have different structures and functions like opsonization, complement activation, placental transport, and mediating allergic reactions. 3. Upon first exposure to an antigen, the primary immune response produces mostly IgM antibodies and has a lag period before the response. Secondary exposure leads to a more

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    78 views20 pages

    Antibodies. Cells Cooperation in Immune Response

    Uploaded by

    tsegaab yoseph
    1. Antibodies (immunoglobulins) are Y-shaped proteins produced by plasma cells that react specifically with antigens. They have light and heavy polypeptide chains that give them variable antigen-binding regions and constant regions that determine their functions. 2. There are five major classes of antibodies (immunoglobulins): IgG, IgM, IgA, IgE, and IgD. They have different structures and functions like opsonization, complement activation, placental transport, and mediating allergic reactions. 3. Upon first exposure to an antigen, the primary immune response produces mostly IgM antibodies and has a lag period before the response. Secondary exposure leads to a more

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    of 20

    Medical biology, microbiology,

    virology, immunology department

    ANTIBODIES.
    Cells cooperation in immune
    response.
     
    ANTIBODIES (IMMUNOGLOBUL1NS)
    are globulin proteins (immunoglobulins) that
    react specifically with the antigen that
    stimulated their production. They make up
    about 20% of the protein in blood plasma.
    Blood contains three types of globulins:
    alpha, beta, and gamma based on their
    electrophoretic migration rate. Antibodies
    are gamma globulins.
    IMMUNOGLOBUL1N STRUCTURE
    Immunoglobulins are glycoproteins made
    up of light (L) and heavy (H) polypeptide
    chains. The terms "light" and heavy" refer to
    molecular weight; light chains have a
    molecular weight of about 25,000, whereas
    heavy chains have a molecular weight of
    50,000-70,000. The simplest antibody
    molecule has a Y shape and consists of four
    polypeptide chains: two H chains and two L
    chains. The four chains are linked by
    disulfide bonds. An individual antibody
    molecule always consists of identical H chains
    and identical L chains.
    IMMUNOGLOBUL1N STRUCTURE
    If an antibody molecule is treated with a
    proteolytic enzyme such as papain, peptide
    bonds in the "hinge" region are broken,
    producing two identical Fab fragments, and
    one Fc fragment.
    The variable regions are responsible for
    antigen-binding, whereas the constant
    regions are responsible for various biologic
    functions, eg, complement activation and
    binding to cell surface receptors, placental
    transfer.
    Structure of IgG
    H-chain

    L-chain disulfide bond

    Variable
    Варіабельна
    Region (Fab)
    ділянка

    Constant
    "hinge" region (Fc)
    region
    L and H chains are subdivided into
    variable and constant regions. The regions
    are composed of three-dimensionally
    folded, repeating segments called domains.
    An L chain consists of one variable (VL)
    and one constant (CL) domain. Most H
    chains consist of one variable (VH) and
    three constant (CH) domains.
    The variable regions of both L and H
    chains have three extremely variable
    ("hypervariable") amino acid sequences at
    the amino-terminal end that form the
    antigen-binding site.
    There are five classes of antibodies:
    Ig G, Ig M, Ig A, Ig D, and Ig E.

    L chains belong to one of two types,


    k (kappa) or λ (lambda), on the basis of
    amino acid differences in their constant
    regions. Both types occur in all classes of
    immunoglobulins.
    H chains are distinct for each of the
    five immunoglobulin classes and are
    designated γ (IgG), μ (IgM) , α ( IgA),
    ε ( IgE), and δ ( IgD).
    IMMUNOGLOBULIN CLASSES
    Ig G. Each IgG molecule consists of two L
    chains and two H chains linked by disulfide bonds
    (molecular formula H2L2). Because it has two
    identical antigen-binding sites, it is said to be
    divalent.
    IgG is the predominant antibody in the
    secondary-response and constitutes an important
    defense against bacteria and viruses. IgG is the
    only antibody to cross the placenta. Only its Fc
    portion binds to receptors on the surface of
    placental cells. It is therefore the most abundant
    immunoglobulin in newborn. IgG is one of the two
    immunoglobulins that can activate complement;
    IgM is the other. IgG is the immunoglobulin that
    opsonizes.
    Ig A is the main immunoglobulin in
    secretions such as colostrum, saliva, tears,
    and respiratory, intestinal, and genital tract
    secretions. It prevents attachment of
    microorganisms, eg, bacteria and viruses, to
    mucous membranes.
    Each secretory IgA molecule consists of
    two H2L2 units plus one molecule each of J
    (joining) chain and secretory component. The
    secretory component is a polypeptide synthesized by
    epithelial cells that provides for IgA passage to the
    mucosal surface. It also protects IgA from being
    degraded in the intestinal tract. In serum, some
    IgA exists as monomeric H2L2.
    Ig M. IgM is the main immunoglobulin
    produced early in the primary response. It is
    present as a monomer on the surface of virtually
    all B cells, where it functions as an antigen-
    binding receptor. In serum, it is a pentamer
    composed of 5 H2L2 units plus one molecule of J
    (joining) chain. Because the pentamer has 10
    antigen-binding sites, it is the most efficient
    immunoglobulin in agglutination, complement
    fixation (activation), and other antibody
    reactions and is important in defense against
    bacteria and viruses. It can be produced by the
    fetus in certain infections. It has the highest
    avidity of the immunoglobulins; its interaction
    with antigen can involve all 10 of its binding sites.
    Ig E. Ig E is medically important for two
    reasons: (1) it mediates immediate (anaphylactic)
    hypersensitivity, and (2) it participates in host
    defenses against certain parasites, eg, helminths
    (worms). Although Ig E is present in trace amounts
    in normal serum (approximately 0.004%), persons
    with allergic reactivity have greatly increased
    amounts, and Ig E may appear in external
    secretions. Ig E does not fix complement and does
    not cross the placenta.
    Ig D. This immunoglobulin has no known antibody
    function but may function as an antigen receptor;
    it is present on the surface of many B
    lymphocytes. It is present in small amounts in
    serum.
    The Structures of the Different Classes of Antibodies
    Ig Major Functions
    Main antibody in the secondary response. Opsonizes
    Ig G bacteria, making them easier to phagocytize. Fixes
    complement, which enhances bacterial killing. Neutralizes
    bacterial toxins and viruses. Crosses the placenta.

    Ig A Secretory IgA prevents attachment of bacteria and viruses


    to mucous membranes Does not fix complement.

    Ig M Produced in the primary response to an antigen. Fixes


    complement. Does not cross the placenta. Antigen receptor
    on the surface of B cells.

    Ig D Uncertain. Found on the surface of many B cells as well as


    in serum.
    Mediates immediate hypersensitivity by causing release of
    Ig E mediators from mast cells and basophils upon exposure to
    antigen (allergen). Defends against worm infections by
    causing release of enzymes from eosinophils. Does not fix
    complement. Main host defense against helminth
    infections.
    Immune responce
    Primary response. After first injection of the
    antigen there is a long lag phase of several days
    before antibody appears.
    Secondary immune response. If the same
    host is subsequently exposed to the same
    antigen, then the secondary immune response
    is usually mote pronouced and occur more
    rapidly. Because of the availability of specific
    memory cells, an increased number of effector
    cells are produced.
    The antibody formed in primary response is
    predominantly IgM and in secondary response
    IgG.
    Primary and Secondary Responses to an Antigen
    Primary and Secondary Responses to an Antigen

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