Unit 1 Section 1 DA Web

In order to get the G.C.S.E.
grade you are capable of, you must make

your own revision notes using your Physics notebook.
When summarising notes, use different colours and draw

diagrams/pictures. If you do, you will find them easier to remember.
Once you have made revision notes for a topic, re-visit these regularly
(on the day of your examination you will not remember something you
revised 4 weeks previously). Each time you re-visit a note tick the top
of the page/card. This will allow you to identify any notes you have
neglected.
WARNING: DO NOT RELY SOLELY ON THE REVISION

POWERPOINTS!
Forces can:
1. Change the size or shape of an object.
2. Change the speed of an object.
3. Stop or start an object moving.
4. Change the direction of an object.
Unit of force  Newton (N).

Note: Sometimes a force does not cause effects
1-4. This is because it is probably cancelling or
balancing the effect of another force.
1. Contact Forces: The object exerting the force needs to
be in contact with the object on which the force is
exerted, e.g. friction, push, pull and twist.
2. Forces acting at a distance: The objects do not need to be
in contact in order for the force to be exerted.
a) gravitational: exists between all masses.
b) Magnetic: exists between magnetic poles. Like poles
will repel and unlike poles will attract.
c) Electrostatic: exists between electric charges. Like
charges will repel and unlike charges will attract.
Mass:
•This is a measure of how much material an object contains.
•Mass of an object on earth = mass of object on the moon
•It is measured in kilograms (kg) or grams
Weight:
•This is a measure of the force exerted by gravity on an
object.
•It is measured in newtons because it is a force.
We can find the weight of any object on Earth by
multiplying its mass in kilograms by 10.
weight (N) = mass (kg) x 10

Note: the mass must be in kilograms!
As weight depends on the force of gravity it can change,
e.g. an object in space has mass but no weight
(weightless).
The equation for weight anywhere in the Universe is:
W = mg
g = gravitational field strength (this is 10 m/s2 on Earth)
W = weight in N
M = mass in kg
Test yourself:
1. Calculate the weight of an object which has a mass
of 6 kg. (click for answer)
weight = mass x 10 = 6 x 10 = 60 N
2. Calculate the weight of a object whose mass is 300
g. (click for answer)
W = mg = 0.3 x 10 = 3 N
3. An astronaut has a mass of 60kg
a. What is his weight on Earth? (click for answer)
W = mg = 60 x 10 = 600 N
b. What is his mass on the Moon? (click for answer)
Mass is constant – mass on Moon = 60kg
The turning effect of a force is also called the moment
of a force. It can be calculated using:
moment = force x distance to pivot
Force in newtons and distance in metres  moment in Nm

Force in newtons and distance in cm  moment in Ncm
When a body is in equilibrium the sum of the clockwise
moments equals the sum of the anticlockwise moments
about the same point.
Examples
1. Jack and Jill are on a see-saw. Jack weighs 750N and Jill
weighs 500N. If Jack is 2m from the pivot where must Jill be
if the see-saw is balanced? (click for solution)
2m dm Clockwise moment = anticlockwise moment

500 x d = 750 x 2
500 d = 1500
750 N 500 N
d=3m
2. A wheelbarrow carries a load of 500N as shown. What force
must be applied to the handles in order to lift the
wheelbarrow if the handles are 2m from the wheel? (click
for solution)
Clockwise moment = anticlockwise moment

500N
500 x 0.8 = F x 2
80cm
400 = 2F
F = 200 N 2m
All objects have a centre of gravity. The centre of gravity is
the point where all the weight of the body appears to act.
The centre of gravity of the following objects is marked:
Disc Rectangle Triangle Ring

A body will topple when the vertical line through its centre of
gravity falls outside its base.
•Object A will topple,
(A) High C of G (B) Low C of G since the vertical line
through its centre of
gravity falls outside the
base
•Object B will not topple,
since the vertical line
through its centre of
gravity does not fall
outside its base.
Stability may be increased by:
•Increasing the base area
•Lowering the position of the centre of gravity
The Density of any material is defined as the mass of
unit volume of that material.
Unit volume means one cm3 or one m3.
Density is calculated using the formula:
Note: always
density = mass use words
D
volume when writing
MxV this equation
Remember, for a cuboid:

volume = length x breadth x height
If the mass is in grams (g) and the volume is in cubic
centimetres (cm3) then the density is measured in grams
per cubic centimetre (g/cm3).
If the mass is in kilograms (kg) and the volume in cubic
metres (m3) then the density is measured in kilograms per
cubic metre (kg/m3)
To calculate density, you need to know the mass and the

volume. To measure mass you use scales. To determine
volume you either use the previous formula (if the object
is a cuboid) or you use the methods on the next slide.
Irregular object that sinks:
•Measure volume of water (V1)
•Measure volume of water and
object (V2)
•Calculate V2 – V1
Irregular object that floats:

•Measure volume of water and
heavy mass (V1)
•Measure volume of water,
heavy mass and object (V2)
•Calculate V2 – V1
Particles are:
•Close together – high density.
•Held in place by strong forces.
•Vibrate about fixed points - solids have a fixed
volume and shape.
Particles:
•Are a little further apart than a solids - medium
density.
•Can roll around each other – liquids can flow easily.
•Can change their shape but have a fixed volume.
Particles:
•Are very far apart with no forces between them – low
density.
•Move around very quickly and fill all the spaces
available.
•Solids, liquids and gases are made up of atoms/molecules
•In solids the atoms/molecules are vibrating
•Heat gives them more kinetic energy
•This causes more vigorous vibrating
•When some of them overcome the bonds the solid turns to liquid
•As more energy is given to the liquid the remaining
atoms/molecules overcome their bonds and a gas is formed.
Weight = mass x 10
Weight = 50 x 10
Weight = 500N
Click for solution
The pressure increases as the area on which he stands decreases

When an object is in equilibrium
the sum of the clockwise moments equals the sum of the
anticlockwise moments
about the same point
Click for
solutions
Centre of the wheel

Previous question continued
clockwise moment = anticlockwise moment

780 x 40 = F x 130
31200 = 130F
F = 31200 / 130
F = 240 N
Click for solution

Centre of gravity
Click for
solutions
clockwise moment = anticlockwise moment

F x 8 = 8 x 104 x 4
8F = 320000
F = 320000 / 8
F = 40000 N
gravity
Point where all the weight appears to act
Click for
solutions
It is behind the plumb line

B Click for
solutions
Largest base
Lowest centre of gravity

Volume = length x breadth x height
Volume = 2 x 50 x 50
Volume = 5000 cm3
Click for solutions
Mass = Density x Volume

Mass = 0.8 x 5000
Mass = 4000 g
Weight = mass x 10
Weight = 4 x 10
Weight = 40 N
•Solids, liquids and gases are made up of atoms/molecules
•In solids the atoms/molecules are vibrating
•Heat gives them more kinetic energy
•This causes more vigorous vibrating
•When some of them overcome the bonds the solid turns to liquid Click for
•As more energy is given to the liquid the remaining atoms/molecules overcome solutions
their bonds and a gas is formed.

Unit 1 Section 1 DA Web

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Unit 1 Section 1 DA Web

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In order to get the G.C.S.E.

grade you are capable of, you must make

When summarising notes, use different colours and draw

WARNING: DO NOT RELY SOLELY ON THE REVISION

Unit of force  Newton (N).

weight (N) = mass (kg) x 10

moment = force x distance to pivot

Force in newtons and distance in metres  moment in Nm

2m dm Clockwise moment = anticlockwise moment

Clockwise moment = anticlockwise moment

The centre of gravity of the following objects is marked:

Disc Rectangle Triangle Ring

Remember, for a cuboid:

To calculate density, you need to know the mass and the

Irregular object that floats:

Click for solution

The pressure increases as the area on which he stands decreases

Centre of the wheel

clockwise moment = anticlockwise moment

Click for solution

clockwise moment = anticlockwise moment

Point where all the weight appears to act

It is behind the plumb line

Lowest centre of gravity

Click for solutions

Mass = Density x Volume

•In solids the atoms/molecules are vibrating

•Heat gives them more kinetic energy

•This causes more vigorous vibrating

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