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Universal Motor

The universal motor can run on AC or DC power and has a series wound DC configuration. It has high starting torque and variable speed capabilities. The motor consists of a stator with field windings, an armature winding on the rotor, and carbon brushes. It can operate on both AC and DC due to the use of electromagnets instead of permanent magnets. Speed control can be achieved through phase angle or chopper control methods. Universal motors are commonly used in appliances due to their compact size, robustness, and ability to provide speed and torque control.

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186 views17 pages

Universal Motor

The universal motor can run on AC or DC power and has a series wound DC configuration. It has high starting torque and variable speed capabilities. The motor consists of a stator with field windings, an armature winding on the rotor, and carbon brushes. It can operate on both AC and DC due to the use of electromagnets instead of permanent magnets. Speed control can be achieved through phase angle or chopper control methods. Universal motors are commonly used in appliances due to their compact size, robustness, and ability to provide speed and torque control.

Uploaded by

narayan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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UNIVERSAL MOTOR

 Can run on either dc or ac power


 A series wound dc motor
 A double-excited motor
 High starting torque and a variable speed
characteristics
 Runs at dangerously high speed on no load
 Input range is few watts to 2000 watts
1
2
PARTS
 Stator: field windings to generate the radial
magnetic flux
 Rotor: armature winding supplied with
current through the carbon brushes to generate
magnetic flux
 Brushes: mechanical linking of power supply
and rotor windings
 Commutator & a compensating winding
3
UNIVERSAL MOTOR FROM A
BLENDER

Fig.1 Fig.2

4
CONSTRUCTION

 Permanent magnets in dc motor is replaced


by electromagnets
 manufactured in two types
1. Concentrated-pole, non-compensated
2. Distributed-field compensated

5
Contd…
Concentrated-pole, non-compensated
 low rating
Stator: Two salient poles & like a two pole dc
series motor except that whole of its magnetic
path is laminated
Rotor: wound type and a small dc motor with
laminated core having straight slots having
armature winding is connected to the commutator

6
Contd…
Distributed-field compensated
 high rating
Stator: Similar to that of a split phase motor
Rotor: Wound type similar to that of a small d.c.
motor
Compensating winding is used to reduce the
reactance voltage present in the armature when motor
runs on ac supply
The reactance of the field winding can be kept low by
limiting the number of turns. 7
OPERATION

 With input DC power, the stator coils as permanent magnets


like a DC motor & continues to rotate in the same direction
 the current through the rotor also reverses the current through
the electromagnets
 every pole of the motor changes from north to south or from
south to north
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m
Contd…
 With input AC power, it reverses the poles and thus the
direction of rotation is obtained.
 experiences no torque during current reversal, but the
average torque is sufficient to turn the motor as if it were
connected to a DC power supply.
 different rotational speeds can be achieved by varying
the amount of current reaching the electromagnets.
 The starting torque of a universal motor is determined by
the current that flows through the armature
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m
ADVANTAGES
 Simple structure
 Robust

 Small size & compact


 Portable

 Good power density characteristics


 Rotates more than 3000 to 25000 rpm

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m
DISADVANTAGES
 Sparks occurring between brushes & commutator due to their
imperfect electrical contact leads to loud noise while operating
 As a result life of brushes is reduced
 High maintenance requirements
 High peak to peak current gains poor motor efficiency
 High brush temperature results in limited motor lifetime

APPLICATIONS
 Speed control and high torque are required
 Typical applications are in the field of power tools and home
appliances like mixers, washing machine.
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m
CHARACTERISTICS

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12
m
Contd…
 Torque is inversely proportional to speed & directly
proportional to the current
 More current flows at high speed, torque increases
as magnetic flux density also increase
 low speed tends to cause magnetic saturation,
deteriorates the characteristic of the motor
 Rotation speed is determined by the no. of
windings

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13
m
CONTROL ASPECTS
 In domestic appliances, Electric motors the ability
to control its speed
 Two control methods

1. Phase angle control

2. Chopper control

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14
m
PHASE ANGLE CONTROL

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15
m
Contd…
 Phase angle control is a simple and cost-effective
solution
 The speed of a universal motor is controlled by
using a triac.
 The gate of the triac can be controlled directly by
the output ports of a microcontroller
 The whole circuitry is usually connected directly to

the mains.
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16
m
Contd…
Advantages
1. simplicity

2. cost effectiveness

3. full speed control

Disadvantages
1. high brush noise

2. short lifetime

3. high current ripple www.technologyfutuare.co


17
m

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