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Voltage and Reactive Power Control: Rolly E. Balayboa

Voltage and reactive power control is important to protect equipment and maintain efficient system operation. Automatic voltage control devices like on-load tap changers and synchronous condensers help regulate voltage. Distributed generation also impacts voltages so its control is a challenge. Excitation systems, including static and rotating types, are crucial for providing field excitation to synchronous generators and allowing voltage control through reactive power output. HVDC converters facilitate long distance transmission by converting AC to DC.

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Geva Garrado
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66 views17 pages

Voltage and Reactive Power Control: Rolly E. Balayboa

Voltage and reactive power control is important to protect equipment and maintain efficient system operation. Automatic voltage control devices like on-load tap changers and synchronous condensers help regulate voltage. Distributed generation also impacts voltages so its control is a challenge. Excitation systems, including static and rotating types, are crucial for providing field excitation to synchronous generators and allowing voltage control through reactive power output. HVDC converters facilitate long distance transmission by converting AC to DC.

Uploaded by

Geva Garrado
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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VOLTAGE AND

REACTIVE POWER
CONTROL
ROLLY E. BALAYBOA
IMPORTANCE OF VOLTAGE AND
REACTIVE POWER CONTROL
both utility and customer equipment designed to operate at certain voltage rating, Long
time operation outside allowable range could cause them damage

• the lamp characteristics are very sensitive to changes of voltage. the life of the lamp may
be reduced by 50%
• Also the power load consisting of induction motors, the voltage variations may cause
stray operation.
• Too wide variations of voltage cause excessive heating of electrical device such as
distribution transformers
VOLTAGE CONTROL
•  A measure of change in the voltage magnitude between the sending and
receiving end of a component, such as a transmission or distribution line.
• Voltage control is an integral part of power system operation.
Controlling voltages on the power system allows for the efficient
transmission of power whilst respecting equipment limitations.
• One of the most efficient ways to control voltages on the power system
is to place generators in voltage control mode.
TECHNIQUE FOR VOLTAGE
CONTROL

A. Automatic Voltage Control


B. Synchronous Condenser
C. Regulate Voltage
D. Distributed Generation
AUTOMATIC VOLTAGE CONTROL

The basic operation and the general arrangement of the OLTC and a
simple automatic voltage control (AVC) relay with the comparison
between load voltage and target voltage, the AVC relay determines
whether to adjust the tap position or not in order to maintain the
required voltage level.
SYNCHRONOUS CONDENSER
 Played a major voltage and reactive power control.
 They have been a both sub transmission and transmission voltage level improve stability and
to maintain voltage within desired limit under varying load condition and contingency
situation.
 Additional means are usually required to control voltage throughout the system.

**The devices used from this purpose may be classified as follows:


- The voltage control problem is often called the reactive power control problem since the
terminal voltage of a synchronous generator is controlled by varying its reactive power output
through the action of the excitation system.
REGULATE VOLTAGE
 The On-Load Tap Changer (OLTC) transformer equipped with automatic voltage
control (AVC) relays is the most popular and effective voltage control device.
 There are various control characteristics associated with OLTC such as Line
Drop Compensation (LDC), time grading for accommodating operation in series
of transformers, as well as a variety of circulating current compensation
techniques for operation of parallel transformers.
 This voltage drop along the feeder impedance is used to boost the voltage
regulated at the transformer terminal therefore ensuring the correct voltage level
maintains at the load where it is required.
DISTRIBUTED GENERATION

• Control of distributed generation (DG) systems in power distribution systems is very


important task that must be considered carefully.
• The connection of DG to distribution systems modifies voltage levels at customer’s
end and introduces different degrees of complexity in the voltage control strategies.
• Controlling network voltages, while also providing access for the increasing
numbers of DG installations, is one of the most important challenges.
Excitation System
Models of
Synchronous
Generator
EXCITATION SYSTEM
 Excitation current is provided by the
excitation system, which, according
to usually consists of autonomic
voltage regulator (AVR), exciter,
measuring elements, power system
stabilizer (PSS) and limitation and
protection unit.
TYPES OF EXCITATION SYSTEM IN
FOR SYNCHRONOUS GENERATORS

i. Static Excitation System


ii.Rotating Excitation System
STATIC EXCITATION SYSTEM
• Essential to produce working magnetic flux in the air gap.
• Usually provided by having filed winding on the rotor in case of Synchronous Generator.

Principle of Static Excitation System

In Static Excitation System, power for providing field excitation is derived from the
Generator output terminals. A transformer know as Excitation Transformer, is connected to
the output terminals of Generator to step down the voltage to required voltage level usually
415 V AC.
ROTATING EXCITATION SYSTEM

• This system consists an AC


exciter, stationary field and a
rotating armature. The output of
the exciter is rectified by a full
wave thyristor bridge rectifier
circuit and is supplied to the main
alternator field winding.
 BENEFIT OF REACTIVE POWER
AND VOLTAGE CONTROLLED

Better efficiency of power generation, transmission and


distribution
Improvement in voltage
Reduced KVA demand Reduced system losses.
HVDC CONVERTERS
Converts electric power from high voltage alternating current (AC) to 
high-voltage direct current (HVDC), or vice versa. HVDC is used as an
alternative to AC for transmitting electrical energy over long distances or
between AC power systems of different frequencies.
HVDC converters capable of converting up to two gigawatts (GW) and
with voltage ratings of up to 1,100 kilovolts (kV) have been built, and
even higher ratings are technically feasible. A complete converter station
 may contain several such converters in series and/or parallel.
POWER FLOW CONTROL

•  isone of the main challenges for the successful operation of DC distribution. In


DC, bus voltages do not have a phase angle, and the transmission line impedances
do not have an imaginary part. Therefore the variables left for power flow
control in those grids are the voltages and currents amplitudes. In point-to-point
HVDC transmission lines, one terminal controls the DC-link voltage, while the
other terminal controls the current (power) through the DC line.
THE END

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