WAN Technologies

WAN TECHNOLOGIES
WAN Technologies

Technology Options
Dial-up
Leased Line
ISDN
X.25
Frame Relay
ATM
DSL
Cable Modem
Microwave Point-to-Point Link
VSAT
WAN Technologies

Dial-up
Uses POTS (Plain Old Telephone System)
Provides a low cost need based access.
Bandwidth 33.6 /56 Kbps.

On the Customer End: Modem is connected to a

Telephone Line
On the Service Provider End: Remote Access Server
(RAS) is connected to Telephone Lines (33.6 Kbps
connectivity) or E1/R2 Line (56 Kbps connectivity)
RAS provide dialin connectivity, authentication and
metering.
Achievable bandwidth depends on the line quality.
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Dial-up
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Dial-up

RAS
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Dial-up
33.6 Kbps
Analog line

Telephone Telephone
switch
? switch

Modem
Modem

56 Kbps
Telephone
Access server
switch

Modem
E1
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Leased Line
Used to provide point-to-point dedicated network
connectivity.
Analog leased line can provide maximum bandwidth
of 9.6 Kbps.
Digital leased lines can provide bandwidths :
64 Kbps, 2 Mbps (E1), 8 Mbps (E2), 34 Mbps (E3) ...
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Leased Line Internet Connectivity

ISP
Broadba PSTN LL LL
ISP Interface
nd Modem Modem Router
Router Converter
Internet G.703 V.35
Connecti
vity
ISP PREMISES CUSTOMER PREMISES
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ISDN
Another alternative to using
analog telephones lines to
establish a connection is ISDN.
Speed is one advantage ISDN
has over telephone line
connections.
ISDN network is a switched
digital network consisting of
ISDN Switches.
Each node in the network is
identified by hierarchical ISDN
address which is of 15 digits.
ISDN user accesses network
through a set of standard
interfaces provided by ISDN
User Interfaces.
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ISDN
Two types of user access are defined
Basic Access - Consists of two 64Kbps user channels
(B channel) and one 16Kbps signally channel (D channel)
providing service at 144 Kbps.
Primary access - Consists of thirty 64Kbps user
channels (B channels) and a 64 Kbps signally channel (D
channel) providing service at 2.048Mbps (One 64 Kbps
channel is used for Framing and Synchronization).
B Information 128 Kbps
Basic (Voice & Data)
B
D Signaling 16Kbps

B Information 1920 Kbps

Primary Voice & Data
B
D Signaling 64 Kbps
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ISDN
ISDN devices
TE1

4W 2W
NT1
S/T interface
U interface

TE2 TA
Devices
NT1 - Interface Converter

TE1 - ISDN devices

TE2 – Non ISDN Devices (need TA)
TA - Terminal Adapter (ISDN
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X.25
Packet switched Network consisting of X.25
switches.
X.25 is a connection oriented protocol (Virtual
Circuits).
End nodes are identified by an X .25 address.
Typical bandwidth offered is 2.4/9.6 kbps.
IP networks interface with X .25 through IP- X.25
routers.
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X.25 and Virtual Circuits

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Frame Relay
Designed to be more efficient than X.25
Developed before ATM
Call control carried in separate logical connection
No hop by hop error or flow control
End to end flow and error control (if used) are done
by higher layer
Single user data frame sent from source to
destination and ACK (from higher layer) sent back
Two type of Virtual Circuits defined
Permanent virtual circuits (PVCs)
Switched virtual circuits (SVCs)
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ATM
Small fixed size packets of 53 bytes, called cells, are
used for transferring information.
Each cell has 5 bytes of header and 48 bytes of
payload for user information.
Connection oriented protocol.
A virtual Circuit is established between the
communicating nodes before data transfer takes
place.
Can be seamlessly used in LANs and WANs.
Almost unlimited scalability.
Provides quality of service guaranties.
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Digital Subscriber Line (DSL)

Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) uses the Ordinary
Telephone line and is an always-on technology. This
means there is no need to dial up each time to
connect to the Internet.
Because DSL is highly dependent upon noise levels,
a subscriber cannot be any more than 5.5 kilometers
(2-3 miles) from the DSL Exchange
Service can be symmetric, in which downstream and
upstream speeds are identical, or asymmetric in
which downstream speed is faster than upstream
speed.
DSL comes in several varieties:
Asymmetric DSL (ADSL)
High Data Rate DSL (HDSL)
Symmetric DSL (SDSL)
Very High Data Rate DSL (VDSL)
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ADSL
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Cable Modems
The cable modem connects a computer
to the cable company network through
the same coaxial cabling that feeds
cable TV (CATV) signals to a television
set.
Uses Cable Modem at Home End and
CMTS (Cable Modem Termination
System) at Head End.
Characteristics:
Shared bandwidth technology
10 Mbps to 30 Mbps downstream
128Kbps-3 Mbps upstream
Maximum Distance from provider to
customer site: 30 miles
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Cable Modems
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Point-to-Point Microwave Link

MICROWAVE LINK

RF RF Network
Router Modem
Router
ISP Modem
Network
CUSTOMER PREMISES
ISP PREMISES
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Point-to-Point Microwave Link

Typically 80-100 MHz Band or 5 GHz Radio Link
band
2.4 GHz WiFi links are becoming popular
Requires Line of Sight
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VSAT
Very Small Aperture Terminal (VSAT) provide
communication between two nodes through a
powerful Earth station called a Hub.
If two terminals want to communicate, they send
their messages to the satellite, which sends it to the
Hub and the Hub then broadcasts the message
through the satellite.
Typical Bandwidth offered is
9.6/19.2/32/64/128/256/512 Kbps.
Operating modes are TDM/TDMA, SCPC PAMA &
DAMA
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VSAT
Each satellite sends and receives
over two bands
Uplink: From the earth to the
satellite
Downlink: From the satellite to
the earth
Satellite frequency bands
Band Downlink Uplink
C 3.7-4.2 GHz 5.925-6.425 GHz
Ku 11.7-12.2 GHz 14-14.5 GHz
Ku-band based networks, are
used primarily in Europe and
North America and utilize the
smaller sizes of VSAT antennas.
C-band, used extensively in Asia,
Africa and Latin America, require
larger antenna.