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Specialist Maths: Calculus Week 1

This document provides an overview of key calculus concepts related to functions of time including: - Rates of change and derivatives representing how quantities change with respect to other variables like time - Examples of projectile motion problems calculating initial position, velocity, maximum height, time of flight, and landing angle - Representing motion using pairs of equations and calculating velocity vectors and speed from derivative functions

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Jess Peralta
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34 views18 pages

Specialist Maths: Calculus Week 1

This document provides an overview of key calculus concepts related to functions of time including: - Rates of change and derivatives representing how quantities change with respect to other variables like time - Examples of projectile motion problems calculating initial position, velocity, maximum height, time of flight, and landing angle - Representing motion using pairs of equations and calculating velocity vectors and speed from derivative functions

Uploaded by

Jess Peralta
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Specialist Maths

Calculus
Week 1
Functions in Time
Things that change in a regular fashion with time
can be written as a function of time.
Example : x t   2  t  t 2 m is an equation that gives
the position of a particle with respect to time.
Initially the particle is 2m from some reference
point, usually called the origin. ie x 0   2m.
If I want to find its position after 3 seconds I will
find x 3  2   3   3  2  3  9  4m.
2

ie after 3 seconds its position is - 4m


Rate of Change
y dy
f '  x  is the rate
dy dx
f '  x 
dx of change of y with x
 slope of curve
x
s ds
is the rate of change of
dt
position s with time t
 velocity
t
More Rates of Change

C dC
is the rate of change of
dt
capacity C with time t

If capacity has units of litres (L) and time has


units of seconds (s) then the units of
dC
are litres per second (L/s or better Ls-1 )
dt
Example 1 (Ex 6A2)
An arrow is fired vertically upwards from the bow such
that its position above the ground is given by
s  t   1.8  39.2t  4.9t 2 metres, t seconds after being fired.
(a) At what height was it fired from?
(b) At what time did it reach maximum height?
(c) what was the maximum height reached?
(d) How long bid it take for the ball to reach the ground?
Solution 1 (a), (b)
An arrow is fired vertically upwards from the bow such
that its position above the ground is given by
s  t   1.8  39.2t  4.9t 2 metres, t seconds after being fired.
(a) At what height was it fired from?

(b) At what time did it reach maximum height?


Solution 1(c) (d)
An arrow is fired vertically upwards from the bow such
that its position above the ground is given by
s  t   1.8  39.2t  4.9t 2 metres, t seconds after being fired.
(c) what was the maximum height reached?

(d) How long bid it take for the ball to reach the ground?
Pairs of Uniformly Varying
Quantities

P x  t  , y  t  
A takes t seconds to
 [ a, b] move in the direction
A x1 , y1 
[a, b] to get to P.
x t   x1  at
y  t   y1  bt
Velocity and Speed
x t   x1  at x'  t   a
y  t   y1  bt y'  t   b

Velocity Vector v t   [ x'  t  , y '  t  ]


 [ a, b]

Speed v t    x'  t     y'  t  


2 2

 a b2 2
Example 2
A particle at P( x t  , y  t  ) such that x t   5  t
metres and y  t   3  2t metres, where t is time
in seconds.
(a) Find the initial position.

(b) Find the velocity vector

(c) Find its speed


Solution 2 (Ex 6B)
A particle at P( x t  , y  t  ) such that x t   5  t
metres and y  t   3  2t metres, where t is time
in seconds.
(a) Find the initial position.

(b) Find the velocity vector

(c) Find its speed


Pairs of Non Uniformly Varying
Quantities
v t   [ x'  t  , y '  t  ]
y

Velocity v ector is
P x  t  , y  t   tangent to curve

x
x t   a  bt Speed v t    x'  t   2   y '  t   2
y  t   c  dt  et 2
Example 3(Ex 6C1)
A ball is thrown so that its motion can be represented by
the equations x(t)  1  3t , y (t )  1.2  19.6t  4.9t 2
(a) Find its initial position and velocity.
(b) Find the time taken to reach maximum height.
Hence find the maximum height.
(c) Find the time the time of flight.
Hence find the range.
(d) Use the time the time of flight to find
(i) its final velocity,
(ii) its final speed,
(iii) the angle it hits the ground.
Solution 3(a)
A ball is thrown so that its motion can be represented by
the equations x(t)  1  3t , y (t )  1.2  19.6t  4.9t 2
(a) Find its initial position and velocity.
Solution 3(b)
A ball is thrown so that its motion can be represented by
the equations x(t)  1  3t , y (t )  1.2  19.6t  4.9t 2
(b) Find the time taken to reach maximum height.
Hence find the maximum height.
( y ' (t )  19.6  9.8t )
Solution 3(c)
A ball is thrown so that its motion can be represented by
the equations x(t)  1  3t , y (t )  1.2  19.6t  4.9t 2
(c) Find the time the time of flight.
Hence find the range.
Solution 3(d)
A ball is thrown so that its motion can be represented by
the equations x(t)  1  3t , y (t )  1.2  19.6t  4.9t 2

(d) Use the time the time of flight to find (t  4.06s)


(i) its final velocity, ( x' (t)  3, y ' (t )  19.6  9.8t )
(ii) its final speed,
(iii) the angle it hits the ground.
This Week
• Text Book pages 206 to 216
• Exercise 6A2 Q 1 - 6.
• Exercise 6B Q 1 – 3.
• Exercise 6C1 Q 1 – 5.

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