FREQUENCY TABLES,

GRAPHS AND
DISTRIBUTIONS
Julia Yvette P. Miranda, RPm
Jersey P. Pangilinan, RPm
How are DATA organized?
FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION
■ an organized tabulation of the number of individuals located in
each category on the scale of measurement
■ a list, table or graph that displays the various outcomes in a
sample of data
■ Allows researchers to see an overview on the entire set of scores
– If the scores are generally high or low
– If concentrated in one area or spread out across the entire
scale (Variability)
– See location of an individual score relative to other scores
(Central Tendency)
 FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION
TABLES
■ SIMPLE FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION
TABLE
■ GROUP FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION
TABLE
 SIMPLE FREQUENCY
DISTRIBUTION TABLE
■ Used for ungrouped data
■ Used for small data sets

FREQUENCY- refers to the number of times

an observation occurs or appears in a data set
SIMPLE FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION TABLE (cont.)

A class of 25 students have taken a quiz. The

following values are the score of each student for the
10-item quiz they have taken.

ARRAY- a string of scores arranged in

numerical order customarily starting with the
highest value
SIMPLE FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION TABLE (cont.)
1st ARRANGE THE SCORES IN ORDER
(HIGHEST TO LOWEST)

B
The highest score for the quiz the students have taken is 10;
while the lowest score is 2.
SIMPLE FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION TABLE (cont.)
2ND CREATE A
SIMPLE
FREQUENCY
DISTRIBUTION
Consists of two columns:
1st: list of possible scores (X)
2nd: frequency (f)

The frequency for the score of 10 is 2.

HOW MANY STUDENTS
GOT THE SCORE OF 8?

5
SIMPLE FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION TABLE (cont.)
3rd CREATE A CUMULATIVE FREQUENCY
DISTRIBUTION

CUMULATIVE FREQUENCY
DISTRIBUTION- used to determine number
of observations that lie above or below a
particular value in a data set
SIMPLE FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION TABLE (cont.)
3rd CREATE A CUMULATIVE FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION

cf= accumulating
the f’s starting from
the bottom
How many students have
a score of 7 and below?
There are 16 students
who have scored 7 and
below.
How many students
have a score of 5 and
below?

6
SIMPLE FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION TABLE (cont.)
4th CREATE A RELATIVE FREQUENCY AND
CUMULATIVE RELATIVE FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION
CUMULATIVE RELATIVE FREQUENCY
DISTRIBUTION- shows what fraction of the scores are
lower or higher than a certain score
 
rf=

crf= accumulating the rf’s

starting from the bottom
SIMPLE FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION TABLE (cont.)
4th CREATE A RELATIVE FREQUENCY AND CUMULATIVE RELATIVE FREQUENCY
DISTRIBUTION

 
rf=  
rf= rf=0.12
crf= accumulating the rf’s starting from the bottom crf= 0.64
What proportion of the students has a score of 7 and below?
0.64 of the total number of students have scored 7 and below.
What proportion of the students has a
score of 5 and below?
0.24
SIMPLE FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION TABLE (cont.)
5th CREATE A CUMULATIVE PERCENTAGE
DISTRIBUTION
cpf (%)= crf x 100
% of a group
PERCENTILE that is at or
RANKS below a given
score
What is the percentile rank of the
students who have scored 7?
64%
What is the percentile rank
of the students who have
scored 4?

20%
 SUMMARY
1. Put the scores in an ARRAY.
2. Create a simple frequency distribution. X (1st column) & f (2nd column)
3. Create cumulative frequency distribution by accumulating f’s starting
from the bottom.
4. Create a relative and cumulative frequency distribution.
  rf= crf= accumulating the rf’s starting from the bottom

5. Create a cumulative percentage distribution to know the proportion of a

group that lies below a given score.
These are the numbers of newspapers sold at a local shop over the last 12 days:
22, 21, 18, 19, 20, 19, 18, 22, 18, 20, 18, 21

X f
22 2
21 2
20 2
19 2
18 4
N=12
cf= accumulating the crf= accumulating
 
rf= cpf (%)=
f’s starting from the the rf’s starting
bottom from the bottom crf x 100
X f cf rf crf Cpf %
22 2 12 2/12=0.17 0.17+0.84=1 100%
.01
21 2 10 2/12=0.17 0.17+0.67=0 84%
.84
20 2 8 2/12=0.17 0.17+0.5=0. 67%
67
19 2 6 2/12= 0.17 0.17+0.33=0 50%
.5
18 4 4 4/12= 0.33 0.33 33%
N=12
 The following are the scores of SHS
students in their Math subject.

94 93 91 89 88 87 87 84 84 84 82 80 78
76 75 75 73 72 70 69 64 61 60 58 53
Disadvantage: List all possible scores that lie
between the highest and lowest scores.
 GROUP FREQUENCY
DISTRIBUTION TABLE
■ when a set of data covers a wide range of values
■ grouping scores into equal-sized ranges (CLASS
INTERVALS)
■ presenting group of scores rather than individual
values
GROUP FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION TABLE (cont.)

1st CONSTRUCTING CLASS INTERVALS

1.A. Determine the range of the set of scores,
where: R= (highest score – lowest score) + 1.

R= (94-53) + 1
R= (41) + 1
R= 42
 GROUP FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION TABLE (cont.)
1st CONSTRUCTING CLASS INTERVALS

1.B. Find a good interval width (CLASS

WIDTH).
A. Grouped frequency distribution should have about
10 intervals.
B. The width should be a relatively simple number.
C. Bottom score of each interval should be a multiple
of the width.
D. All intervals should be equal.
GROUP FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION TABLE (cont.)
1st CONSTRUCTING CLASS INTERVALS

CLASS INTERVALS are the subsets into

which the data is organized.
R= 42
 
NUMBER OF CLASS INTERVALS=
GROUP FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION TABLE (cont.)
1st CONSTRUCTING CLASS INTERVALS
CLASS INTERVAL OF 9
CLASS WIDTH OF 5

90-94
8

46
LOWER UPPER
5
CLASS CLASS
4 LIMIT LIMIT
3 APPARENT/CLASS LIMITS
2 -form the upper and lower boundaries for
1 the class interval
90, 91, 92, 93, 94
GROUP FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION TABLE (cont.)
2nd CREATE A RELATIVE AND CUMULATIVE
FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION
crf= accumulating
CLASS f cf rf crf
INTERVAL the rf’s starting from
90-94 3 25 0.12 1.00 the bottom
85-89 4 22 0.16 0.88
80-84 5 18 0.2 0.72 What proportion of the
75-79 4 13 0.16 0.52 students has a grade of 75-
79?
70-74 3 9 0.12 0.36
65-69 1 6 0.04 0.24

0.52
60-64 3 5 0.12 0.20
55-59 1 2 0.04 0.08
50-54 1 1 0.04 0.04
N=25
GROUP FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION TABLE (cont.)
4TH CREATE A CUMULATIVE PERCENTAGE
DISTRIBUTION
CLASS f cf rf crf cpf %
INTERV
AL cpf (%)= crf x 100
90-94 3 25 0.12 1.00 100%
85-89 4 22 0.16 0.88 88%
80-84 5 18 0.2 0.72 72%
75-79 4 13 0.16 0.52 52%
70-74 3 9 0.12 0.36 36%
65-69 1 6 0.04 0.24 24%
60-64 3 5 0.12 0.20 20%
55-59 1 2 0.04 0.08 8%
50-54 1 1 0.04 0.04 4%
N=25
GROUP FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION TABLE (cont.)
4TH DETERMINE THE CLASS BOUNDARIES

CLASS BOUNDARIES- halfway points that separate the

classes
The lower class boundary of a given class is obtained by
averaging the upper limit of the previous class and the lower
limit of the given class.
The upper class boundary of a given class is obtained by
averaging the upper limit of the class and the lower limit of the
next class
 GROUP FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION TABLE (cont.)
4TH DETERMINE THE CLASS BOUNDARIES

 
LCB=
9 What is the UCB of the 9th CLASS INTERVAL
8 (90-94)?
7
LCB=
 
6

5
 
4 LCB=
3

2
1
 GROUP FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION TABLE (cont.)
3rd DETERMINE THE CLASS BOUNDARIES

UCB=
 

9 What is the UCB of the 9th CLASS

8 INTERVAL (90-94)?
7
UCB=
 

5
 
4
UCB=
3

2
1
 CLASS f cf rf crf cpf % CLASS
INTERVA BOUNDARIES
L
LCB UCB
90-94 3 25 0.12 1.00 100% 89.5 94.5
85-89 4 22 0.16 0.88 88% (84+85)/ (89+90)/
2=84.5 2=89.5
80-84 5 18 0.2 0.72 72%
75-79 4 13 0.16 0.52 52%
70-74 3 9 0.12 0.36 36%
65-69 1 6 0.04 0.24 24%
60-64 3 5 0.12 0.20 20%
55-59 1 2 0.04 0.08 8%
50-54 1 1 0.04 0.04 4%
N=25
 What is the UCB and
LCB of the 5th class
9
interval (70-74)?
8
UCB=
 

5
LCB=
 

2 69.5 74.5
1
 CLASS f cf rf crf cpf % CLASS
INTERVA BOUNDARIES
L
LCB UCB
90-94 3 25 0.12 1.00 100% 89.5 94.5
85-89 4 22 0.16 0.88 88% 84.5 89.5
80-84 5 18 0.2 0.72 72% 79.5 84.5
75-79 4 13 0.16 0.52 52% 74.5 79.5
70-74 3 9 0.12 0.36 36% 69.5 74.5
65-69 1 6 0.04 0.24 24% 64.5 69.5
60-64 3 5 0.12 0.20 20% 59.5 64.5
55-59 1 2 0.04 0.08 8% 54.5 59.5
50-54 1 1 0.04 0.04 4% 49.5 54.5
N=25
  
CM=
9
8
What is the class mark of the
7
9th class interval (90-94)?
6
 
5 CM=
4

2
  
CM=
9
8
What is the class mark of the
7 8th class interval (85-89)?
6

5 CM= 87
4

2
 CLASS f cf rf crf cpf % CLASS CLASS
INTERV BOUNDARIES MARK
AL S
LCB UCB
90-94 3 25 0.12 1.00 100% 89.5 94.5 92
85-89 4 22 0.16 0.88 88% 84.5 89.5 87
80-84 5 18 0.2 0.72 72% 79.5 84.5 82
75-79 4 13 0.16 0.52 52% 74.5 79.5 77
70-74 3 9 0.12 0.36 36% 69.5 74.5 72
65-69 1 6 0.04 0.24 24% 64.5 69.5 67
60-64 3 5 0.12 0.20 20% 59.5 64.5 62
55-59 1 2 0.04 0.08 8% 54.5 59.5 57
50-54 1 1 0.04 0.04 4% 49.5 54.5 52
N=25
GRAPH: BAR GRAPH
■ simplest type of graph
■ a rectangle, or bar is erected above each value of X
■ the higher the frequency of X, the greater the height of the bar
GRAPH: BAR GRAPH
■ A bar graph compares different categories.
■ The bars can be vertical or horizontal. It doesn’t
matter which type you use—it’s a matter of choice
(and perhaps how much room you have on your
paper!).
How to Make a Bar Chart
By Hand
Example problem: Make a bar graph that represents exotic pet ownership in the United
States. There are:
■ 8,000,000 fish,
■ 1,500,000 rabbits,
■ 1,300,000 turtles,
■ 1,000,000 poultry
■ 900,000 hamsters.
Step 1: Number the Y-axis with the dependent variable.
■ The dependent variable is the one being tested in an experiment. In this example
question, the study wanted to know how many pets were in U.S. households. So the
number of pets is the dependent variable. The highest number in the study is 8,000,000
and the lowest is 1,000,000 so it makes sense to label the Y-axis from 0 to 8.
Step 2: Draw your bars. 
■ The height of the bar should be even with the correct number on the Y-axis. Don’t forget
to label each bar under the x-axis.
Step 3: Label the X-axis with what the bars represent. 
■ For this example problem, label the x-axis “Pet Types” and then label the Y-axis with
what the Y-axis represents: “Number of pets (per 1,000 households).” Finally, give your
graph a name. For this example, call the graph “Pet ownership (per 1,000 households).

Optional: In the above graph, I chose to write the actual numbers on the bars themselves. You don’t have to
do this, but if you have numbers than don’t fall on a line (i.e. 900,000), then it can help make the graph
clearer for a viewer.
Tips:

■ Line the numbers up on the lines of the graph paper, not the spaces.
■ Make all your bars the same width.
How to Make a Bar Chart in Excel
Type your data into a new Excel
worksheet
■ Place one set of values in column A and the next set of values in column B. For this
example problem, place the building names in column A and the heights of the towers in
column B.
 Bar Chart in Excel

Step 1 Step 2 Step 3

Click the “Insert” tab on the Click the down arrow next to the Select a chart icon. For example,
ribbon bar chart icon. select a simple bar chart
GRAPHS FOR
CONTINUOUS
DATA
SIMPLE FREQUENCY
DISTRIBUTION
GRAPHS
GRAPH: HISTOGRAM
■ used for measuring on a continuous scale
■ extends from the lower real limit to the upper real
limit
■ Frequency Histogram
How to Make Histogram for Simple
frequency Distribution
■ Step 1: Draw x and y axis.
How to Make Histogram for Simple
frequency Distribution
■ Step 2: write the real limit
values in the x-axis. And the
frequency in the y-axis
How to Make Histogram for Simple
frequency Distribution
■ Step 3: Create the Bin(bar).
Height of the bar will be base
from the number of frequency
How to Make Histogram for Simple
frequency Distribution
■ Make sure the width of the bars
are equally measured

■ Note: Don’t forget to put the

lable
Summary

■ Step 1: Draw x and y axis.

■ Step 2: write the real limit values in the x-axis. And the frequency in the y-axis
■ Step 3: Create the Bin(bar). Height of the bar will be base from the number of frequency
■ Make sure the width of the bars are equally measured

■ Note: Don’t forget to put the lable

GRAPH: FREQUENCY POLYGON
■ a point is drawn above each value
■ height of the point above the value on the x axis represents
the frequency of that value
■ these points are then connected by straight lines
■ polygon is connected to the x axis at either end to form a
closed figure
How to Make Histogram for Simple
frequency Distribution
■ Step 1: Draw x and y
axis.
How to Make Histogram for Simple
frequency Distribution
■ Step 2: write the real
limit values in the x-
axis. And the frequency
in the y-axis
How to Make Histogram for Simple
frequency Distribution
■ Step 3: Plot the scores
base from frequencies
values
How to Make Histogram for Simple
frequency Distribution
■ Step 4: Connect the Plotted

■ Note: 1. Do not forget to

start in zero value and 2.
close the graph to create the
2
polygon image and do not 1

forget to put label

Summary

■ Step 1: Draw x and y axis.

■ Step 2: write the real limit values in the x-axis. And the frequency in the y-axis
■ Step 3: Plot the scores base from frequencies values
■ Step 4: Connect the Plotted

■ Note: 1. Do not forget to start in zero value and 2. close the graph to create the polygon
image and do not forget to put label
GRAPH: CUMULATIVE
FREQUENCY POLYGON
■ Also known as an “OGIVE”
■ Cumulative frequency can never decrease as the number of
values increases
■ Dots are above the upper real limit of each value
How to Make Ogive for Simple frequency Distribution
and Grouped Frequency Distribution

■ Step 1: Draw x and y axis.

How to Make Ogive for Simple frequency Distribution
and Grouped Frequency Distribution

■ Step 2: write the real limit

values. And the cumulative
frequency value in the y-
axis
How to Make Ogive for Simple frequency Distribution
and Grouped Frequency Distribution

■ Step 3: Plot the scores base

from the cumulative
frequencies values
How to Make Ogive for Simple frequency
Distribution
■ Step 4: Connect the Plotted

■ Note: Don’t forget to put

the label
Summary

■ Step 1: Draw x and y axis.

■ Step 2: write the real limit values. And the cumulative frequency value in the y-axis
■ Step 3: Plot the scores base from the cumulative frequencies values
■ Step 4: Connect the Plotted

■ Note: Don’t forget to put the lable

 GROUPED
FREQUENCY
DISTRIBUTION
GRAPHS
How to Make Histogram for Simple
frequency Distribution
■ Step 1: Draw x and y axis.
How to Make Histogram for Simple
frequency Distribution
■ Step 2: write the real limit values value
in the x-axis. And the frequency in the
y-axis

■ To identify the real lower limit

subtract .5 to your apparent limit value
■ To identify the real upper limit
subtract .5 to your apparent upper
limit value
How to Make Histogram for Simple
frequency Distribution
■ Step 3: Create the Bin(bar).
Height of the bar will be
base from the number of
frequency
How to Make Histogram for Simple
frequency Distribution
■ Make sure the with of the bars
are equally measured

■ Note: Don’t forget to put the

lable
Summary

■ Step 1: Draw x and y axis.

■ Step 2: write the real limit values value in the x-axis. And the frequency in the y-axis
■ Step 3: Create the Bin(bar). Height of the bar will be base from the number of frequency
■ Make sure the with of the bars are equally measured

■ Note: Don’t forget to put the lable

How to Make Histogram for Simple
frequency Distribution
■ Step 1: Draw x and y axis.
How to Make Histogram for Simple
frequency Distribution
■ Step 2: write the midpoint of each class
interval in the y-axis. And the frequency
in the y-axis

To get the midpoint add the lower real

limit values and upper real limit values,
and divide it by 2.
Example: if the lower real limit is 59.5
and upper real limit is 64.5 the midpoint
is 62
How to Make Histogram for Simple
frequency Distribution
■ Step 3: Plot the scores
base from frequencies
values
How to Make Histogram for Simple
frequency Distribution
■ Step 4: Connect the Plotted

■ Note: 1. Do not forget to start

in zero value and 2. close the
graph to create the polygon
image and do not forget to put
label 1 2
Summary

■ Step 1: Draw x and y axis.

■ Step 2: write the midpoint of each class interval in the y-axis. And the frequency in the
y-axis
■ Step 3: Plot the scores base from frequencies values
■ Step 4: Connect the Plotted

■ Note: 1. Do not forget to start in zero value and 2. close the graph to create the polygon
image and do not forget to put label