GENERAL BIOLOGY 2

Lesson 23.1: Compare and Contrast

Process in Plants and Animals:
Chemical and Nervous Control
Presented by :

Jean Philippe Gagarin Katrina Octaviano

Kathy Evale Kaila Tanaleon
 • How animals respond to environmental
SUMMARY stimuli;

OF • The mechanisms of chemical and

CONTENTS nervous control in animals;

• How plants respond to environmental

OUR MAIN stimuli; and
TOPICS TODAY • The mechanisms of chemical control in
plants.

P i x e la st | D e si gn a n d T e ch
I.
THE NERVOUS &
CHEMICAL
CONTROL OF
ANIMALS
(Nervous & Endocrine System)

Reported by:
Katrina Octaviano
Jean Philippe Gagarin

KR U KR U KI N A ME R Z P R O D UCT I O NS
a. Nervous System
Topic Outline:
1. Divisions of the nervous system
2. The neuron as the basic unit
3. Transmission across synapse

Reported by:
Katrina Octaviano

KR U KR U KI N A ME R Z P R O D UCT I O NS
 Compared to plants, animals have chemical and
nervous control that enable them to respond to
environmental stimuli. Chemical control is
under the regulation of the endocrine system
and includes the various hormones. Chemical
control is slow-acting but the effect is long-
term. On the other hand, nervous control is
under the regulation of the nervous system with
its system of neuronal mechanisms. Nervous
control is fast-acting and the effect is short-
term, although frequent stimulation can be
stored to produce a longer-lasting behavioral
response.
*STIMULUS - is any factor
*RESPONSE - is a reaction
in the environment that
to a stimulus
may trigger a nerve
impulse
NERVOUS SYSTEM
connects all your body parts and transmits signals from one part to another.
It is a system of cells, tissues, and organs that regulates the body’s responses
to internal and external stimuli. Each part of the nervous system has a specific
role as it functions as an important part of a system.

2 MAJOR DIVISIONS:
a. CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM (CNS)  serves as the main processing
center for the entire nervous system

b. PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM (PNS)  connects the central

nervous system to the organs and limbs

KR U KR U I NA ME R Z
A. CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
Consists of 2 main components:
a.Brain  Organ located within the skull that functions as organizer and distributor
of information for the body. It has 3 main parts:

a.1 Cerebrum  large, upper part of the brain that controls activity & thought
a.2 Cerebellum  the part under the cerebrum tat controls posture, balance &
coordination
a.3 Brain Stem  the part that connects the brain to the spinal cord and controls
automatic functions such as breathing, digestion, heart rate, &
blood
pressure

b. Spinal Cord  serves as a channel for signals between the brain and the rest
of the body, and controls simple musculoskeletal reflexes without input from the brain.
| B L A C K PA N T HE R
 Cerebru
m
Cerebellu
m
Brain Stem
Spinal
CENTRAL
Cord
NERVOUS
SYSTEM KR U KR U KI N A ME R Z P R O D UCT I O NS
 Cerebru
m
Cerebellum
Brain Stem

Spinal
CENTRAL Cord
NERVOUS
SYSTEM P i x e la st | D e si gn a n d T e ch
B. PERIPHERAL NERVOUS
SYSTEM
Has 2 main divisions:

1. SOMATIC NERVOUS SYSTEM  This system is

associated with
the voluntary control of body movements and
has 2 main parts:
Spinal Nerves   the nerves that carry motor and sensory signals between
the
spinal cord and the body.

Cranial Nerves  the nerve fibers that carry information into and out of the
brain
stem KR U KR U I NA ME R Z
B. PERIPHERAL NERVOUS
SYSTEM
Has 2 main divisions:

2. AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM This

system is
associated with the involuntary control of body movements and
has 2 subdivisions:

Sympathetic  it is activated when the body is in a dynamic role or

stress.
(e.g., increased heart rate and breathing, dilation of pupil, sweating, etc.)

Parasympathetic  it maintains body functions and restores the body

to
normal or relaxed mode KR U KR U I NA ME R Z
P i x e la st | D e si gn a n d T e ch
THE NERVE CELL
The basic unit of the nervous system is the nerve cell. Nerve cells are
called neurons. There are billions of neurons in the body. Some exist alone.
Others are joined together to form organs like the brain and spinal cord.

There are twelve to fourteen billions of neurons in one part of the brain
alone. A neuron has a cell body containing the nucleus. Projecting out from
the cell body are root-like structures. These are the dendrites and axons.

KR U KR U I NA ME R Z
THE NERVE CELL
Dendrites carry impulses towards the cell body and receive chemical
signals from the axon terminals of another neuron. A cell may have as many
as 200 dendrites carrying impulses toward the cell body. A single dendrite
can be over one meter long. An impulse is a sudden change in the electric
potential of the cell membrane.

Axons carry impulses away from the cell body. Axons pass impulses to
the dendrites of other neurons or cell body of muscle cells. Axons can be
grouped together into cable-like bundles called nerves. The axon may be
enveloped by a myelin sheath for faster conduction of impulse. Electrical
disturbances in the dendrites or axon will cause a new wave of impulse
down the axon.

KR U KR U I NA ME R Z
 dendrites

nucleus
cell body

axon

BASIC PARTS OF A P i x e la st | D e si gn a n d T e ch
 typical
neuron with
its parts

&

the direction
of impulse
transmission
CONTROL OF BODY
PROCESSES THROUGH THE
NERVOUS SYSTEM
THE NERVE IMPULSE
Neurons are cells with the special ability to carry signals or impulses.
Thoughts, emotions, learning, and many body functions are carried by
nerve impulses in the neurons. A nerve impulse is a combination of an
electrical charge and a chemical reaction. A nerve impulse is not a flow of
electricity, but an electrochemical signal moving along a neuron

KR U KR U I NA ME R Z
SHORT EXPLANATION OF NERVE
IMPULSE
THE NERVE IMPULSE
A nerve impulse cannot jump from one neuron to another. When a nerve
impulse comes to the end of an axon, it produces the chemical, called
neurotransmitter, to be released. The chemical crosses the space between
neurons called synapse and stimulates the nerve impulse to start in the
next dendrite

P i x e la st | D e si gn a n d T e ch
The nerve impulse is sent by neurotransmitters from
one neuron to another through a gap called synapse
The nerve impulse is sent by neurotransmitters from
one neuron to another through a gap called synapse
THE NERVE IMPULSE
The nervous system is assisted by five sense organs - the eyes, ears,
nose, tongue, and skin. These sense organs are constantly receiving
information from the environment and sending messages to the brain. These
senses aid in the survival of human beings. A stimulus (plural: stimuli) is any
factor in the environment that may trigger a nerve impulse. A response is a
reaction to a stimulus. A stimulus is received by the body and a response is
made. An organism must be able to respond to a stimulus in order to survive.

Messages do not travel in both directions along the same neuron. Only the
axon of the neuron releases neurotransmitters that cross the space between
neurons. Reaction time is the length of time between application of a
stimulus and detection of a response

P i x e la st | D e si gn a n d T e ch
b.
b. Endocrine
Endocrine System
System
Topic
TopicOutline:
Outline:
1.1.Function
FunctionofofEndocrine
EndocrineSystem
System
2.2.Endocrine
EndocrineGlands
Glands&&Their
TheirHormones
Hormones
3.3.Effects
EffectsofofHormones
Hormonesininthe
theBody
Body

Reported
Reportedby:
by:
Jean
JeanPhilippe
PhilippeGagarin
Gagarin

D u m b b e l si P h il ip p e 2 02 0
IInnttrroodduuccttiioonn
Similar to
Similar to the
the nervous
nervous system,
system, thethe endocrine
endocrine
system controls
system controls andand regulates
regulates body
body processes.
processes.
Generally, the
Generally, the endocrine
endocrine system
system is is in
in control
control of
of
the mechanisms
the mechanisms in in the
the body
body that
that slowly
slowly take
take
place, such
place, such as as cell
cell growth.
growth. Rapid
Rapid processes,
processes,
such as
such as body
body movement
movement and and breathing,
breathing, areare
controlled by
controlled by the
the nervous
nervous system.
system. Although
Although
these two
these two systems
systems are are different,
different, theythey work
work
together in
together in aa coordinate
coordinate manner
manner to to enable
enable the
the
body to
body to function
function properly.
properly. After
After studying
studying about
about
the nervous
the nervous system,
system, nownow you
you will
will learn
learn about
about
the endocrine
the endocrine system,
system, its
its functions,
functions, and and the
the
glands that
glands that comprise
comprise the the system.
system.
THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
The endocrine system is composed of glands that secrete different types
of hormones that affect almost every cell, organ and function of our body. It
is essential in regulating growth and development, metabolism as well as
reproductive processes and mood.

Chemical coordination of body functions is mediated by the endocrine

system, composed of ductless glands that release hormones. Hormones are
chemical messengers secreted by a gland and affect a specific target tissue
or organ. The endocrine and the nervous system coordinate with each other
through a series of feedback mechanisms. A disorder results when a
hormone is under- or over-secreted.

E n do c r in e S yst e m
 Endocrine glands secrete chemicals known as
HOW DOES
HOW DOES hormones into the bloodstream, which carries
OUR
OUR them throughout the body. When a hormone in
ENDOCRIN
ENCOCRIN
the blood reaches the target organ, it produces
a notable effect. The endocrine system sends
E SYSTEM
E SYSTEM signals all over the body, much like the nervous
FUNCTION
FUNCTION system, but unlike the instant responses
activated by the nervous system, the effects
?
? can take a few hours or even weeks.

E n do c r in e S yst e m
MAJOR ENDOCRINE ORGANS IN THE
ENDOCRINE
ENDOCRINE GLANDS
GLANDS AND
AND
THEIR
THEIR HORMONES
HORMONES
The
The endocrine
endocrine system
system contains
contains aa group
group of of glands
glands that
that release
release hormones
hormones
into
into the
the body.
body. Now,
Now, let’s
let’s proceed
proceed to
to the
the list
list all
all the
the major
major glands
glands in
in the
the body,
body,
with
with their
their functions,
functions, locations,
locations, andand the
the hormones
hormones they
they release
release
 Location: In the brain (above Hormones d) Gonadotropin-releasing
hormone (GnRH)
the pituitary gland)
Released: stimulates release of
FSH and LH from
a) Growth-hormone- pituitary gland
releasing hormone
stimulates release of GH e) Antidiuretic hormone
from pituitary gland (ADH) promotes
reabsorption of H2O by
b) Corticotropin-releasing
kidneys
hormone (CRH)
stimulates release of
f) Oxytocin induces
ACTH from pituitary
labor and milk release
gland
from mammary glands
Function: c) Thyroid-releasing
hormone stimulates
in females

keep the body in

healthy and balance release of TSH from
state as much as thyroid gland
possible.
Location: Hormones d) Follicle-stimulating

At the base of the

Released: hormone (FSH) &
luteinizing hormone
brain a) Growth hormone (GH) (LH) involved in
stimulates growth production of sex
hormones; regulate
b) Adrenocorticotropic menstrual cycle in
hormone (ACTH) females
stimulates adrenal
glands to secrete e) Prolactin (PRL)
glucocorticoids such as stimulates mammary
cortisol gland growth and milk
production in females

Function: c) Thyroid-stimulating
hormone (TSH) f) Vasopressin
Stimulates growth & stimulates thyroid gland
controls the to secrete thyroxine
functions of other
glands
Location: Hormones Released:
Below the voice box
PARATHYROI Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
increases blood Ca2+
D
GLANDS
Thyroxine

PARATHYR
GLAND THYROI
increases
metabolic
rate and
DGLAN
OID
heart rate;
promotes
D
THYR
GLAND
growth

OID Function:
Regulates of body metabolism, and
causes storage of calcium in bones
 Hormones PANCR
Released:
a) Insulin  decreases blood glucose EAS
b) Glucagon  increases blood glucose

Function:
Regulates blood sugar levels

Location:
Between the kidney
 Location: On top of the kidneys
ADRENAL Hormones
Released:
a) Epinephrine & Cortisol produces many effects
GLANDS related to short-term stress response

b) Aldosterone increases reabsorption of

Na+

Function:
Prepares the body for action, controls the
heart rate and breathing in times of
emergency
 Location: Below the adrenal glands

KIDNEY
Hormones Released:
a) Erythropoietin (EPO) increases synthesis of
red blood cells

S b) Vitamin D decreases blood Ca2+

Function:
Regulating acid-base balance, electrolyte
concentrations, extracellular fluid volume
and blood pressure
Location:
Lower abdomen

Hormones OVAR
Released: OVARI
(IN
(IN
a) Estradiol regulates
development and maintenance of FEMALE
FEMALE
secondary sex characteristics in
females; other effects

b) Progesterone prepares
uterus for pregnancy
IES
ES
S)
S)

Function:
Influence female traits, and support
reproductive function
Hormones Location:
Released: Lower abdomen
a) Testosterone regulates
development and maintenance of
secondary sex characteristics in
males; other effects

b) Androgen responsible for the

development of facial and body
hair growth and voice change, it
also affect bone and muscle
development and metabolism. 

Function:
Control maturation and male
characteristics TES
(IN
(IN
COORDINATION
COORDINATION BETWEEN
BETWEEN THE
THE NERVOUS
NERVOUS AND
AND THE
THE