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Chapter 5: Threads: Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2013 Operating System Concepts - 9 Edition

Os ch 5

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Abdulkadir Jeilani
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148 views16 pages

Chapter 5: Threads: Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2013 Operating System Concepts - 9 Edition

Os ch 5

Uploaded by

Abdulkadir Jeilani
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Chapter 5: Threads

Operating System Concepts – 9th Edition Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2013
Chapter 5: Threads

 Overview
 Multicore Programming
 Multithreading Models
 Thread Libraries

Operating System Concepts – 9th Edition 4.2 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2013
Thread
 A process starts with a single thread. [primary thread] and later can
create more thread from any of its thread
 A process has at least one thread
 All threads of a process have access to its memory and system
recourses.
 Thread is smallest unit of execution to which processor allocates
time and runs within application
 Each thread consisting of :
 Program counter (contains address of the next instruction to be
excuted)
 Thread ID
 Stack
 Set of registry
 Process creation is heavy-weight while thread creation is light-weight

Operating System Concepts – 9th Edition 4.3 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2013
Multithreaded Server Architecture

Operating System Concepts – 9th Edition 4.4 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2013
Benefits

 Responsiveness – may allow continued execution if part of


process is blocked, especially important for user interfaces
 Resource Sharing – threads share resources of process, easier
than shared memory or message passing
 Economy – cheaper than process creation, thread switching
lower overhead than context switching
 Scalability – process can take advantage of multiprocessor
architectures

Operating System Concepts – 9th Edition 4.5 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2013
Multicore Programming

 Multicore or multiprocessor systems putting pressure on


programmers, challenges include:
 Dividing activities
 Balance
 Data splitting
 Data dependency
 Testing and debugging
 Parallelism implies a system can perform more than one task
simultaneously
 Concurrency supports more than one task making progress
 Single processor / core, scheduler providing concurrency

Operating System Concepts – 9th Edition 4.6 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2013
Concurrency vs. Parallelism
 Concurrent execution on single-core system:

 Parallelism on a multi-core system:

Operating System Concepts – 9th Edition 4.7 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2013
Single and Multithreaded Processes

Operating System Concepts – 9th Edition 4.8 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2013
User Threads and Kernel Threads

 User threads - management done by user-level threads library


 Three primary thread libraries:
 POSIX Pthreads
 Windows threads
 Java threads
 Kernel threads - Supported by the Kernel
 Examples – virtually all general purpose operating systems, including:
 Windows
 Solaris
 Linux
 Tru64 UNIX
 Mac OS X

Operating System Concepts – 9th Edition 4.9 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2013
Multithreading Models

 Many-to-One

 One-to-One

 Many-to-Many

Operating System Concepts – 9th Edition 4.10 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2013
Many-to-One

 Many user-level threads mapped to


single kernel thread
 One thread blocking causes all to block
 Multiple threads may not run in parallel
on muticore system because only one
may be in kernel at a time
 Few systems currently use this model
 Examples:
 Solaris Green Threads
 GNU Portable Threads

Operating System Concepts – 9th Edition 4.11 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2013
One-to-One
 Each user-level thread maps to kernel thread
 Creating a user-level thread creates a kernel thread
 More concurrency than many-to-one
 Number of threads per process sometimes
restricted due to overhead
 Examples
 Windows
 Linux
 Solaris 9 and later

Operating System Concepts – 9th Edition 4.12 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2013
Many-to-Many Model
 Allows many user level threads to be
mapped to many kernel threads
 Allows the operating system to create
a sufficient number of kernel threads
 Solaris prior to version 9
 Windows with the ThreadFiber
package

Operating System Concepts – 9th Edition 4.13 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2013
Thread Libraries

 Thread library provides programmer with API for creating


and managing threads
 Two primary ways of implementing
 Library entirely in user space
 Kernel-level library supported by the OS

Operating System Concepts – 9th Edition 4.14 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2013
Key difference b/w process vs Thread

 Process means a program is in execution, whereas thread means a


segment of a process.
 A Process is not Lightweight, whereas Threads are Lightweight.
 A Process takes more time to terminate, and the thread takes less time
to terminate.
 Process takes more time for creation, whereas Thread takes less time
for creation.
 Process likely takes more time for context switching whereas as
Threads takes less time for context switching.
 A Process is mostly isolated, whereas Threads share memory.
 Process does not share data, and Threads share data with each other.

Operating System Concepts – 9th Edition 4.15 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2013
End of Chapter 5

Operating System Concepts – 9th Edition Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2013

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