Pomelo Peel As Alternative Source of Leather: Processed at Varying Tanning Treatment Duration

Pomelo (Citrus maxima) Peel
as Alternative Source of Leather:

Processed at Varying Tanning Treatment Duration
by:
Abuan, Rebecca Grace A.
Aquien, Wenddie A.
Dela Cruz, Henry M.
Mostrales, Golda V.
Palac, Zarah Jane C.
Sucgang, Mark Anthony N.
Uao, Franc Ernest B.
BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
Leather Industry,
-considered as one of the highly polluting industries nowadays.
Tanning process
-major process in production of leather
 Environmental hazards from tanning process

- Chemicals used include chromium, formic acid, and mercury.
Leather
 compound of tannin and gelatin derived from collagen
 product from animal skin that has been chemically

modified
 commonly labeled as “a by-product of the meat industry”.

Leather Production
Animal Tanning Leather

Hide Process Products
Leather Substitute
 from skins of fishes like carp, salmon, Nile perch, and tilapia
 “eco-leather”, from cotton or natural fibers mixed with plant

oils,
 Citrus fruit, “Potential of Pomelo (Citrus maxima) Peel as

Alternative Source of Leather”
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
 To provide an alternative source of leather at varying tanning

treatment duration
 To further investigate other properties of the leather

produced.
 To lessen the environmental hazards brought by the leather

industry from the chemicals used in treating animal hides
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
 Collagen is analogous to pectin in plants in terms of function
and ability to be formed into gel when crosslinked through
tanning process (Omadto et.al., 2013).
 There are several ways to extract pectin from different

materials and solvents (Quoc et.al. 2015).
 Pectin can undergo gelation and can stabilize emulsions, and

they also determine the water holding capacity of the cell wall
(Williams et al, 2000; Laurent & Boulenguer, 2003).
 Pomelo (Citrus Maxima) belongs to Citrus group and
Rutaceace. It is widely planted in Vietnam with different
varieties (Quoc et al., 2014).
 The spongy white peel can account up to 30% of the total fruit
weight and is a good source for pectin extraction (Methacanon
et al., 2013).
 Leather tanning is the process of converting raw hides or skins

into leather. Hides and skins have the ability to absorb tannic
acid.
 The color of leather fades when exposed to light for a long

time because of Photodegradation.
 This research aims to determine the optimum immersion
time in the treatment process based on the tensile strength
of the leather produced and to further study some chemical
characteristics of leather produced from pomelo. It will be
tested for color fastness to light, acidity or alkalinity of the
aqueous leather extract, fastness to dry cleaning and
migration test.
SCOPE AND DELIMITATION
the effect of varying immersion time in the treatment

process to the tensile strength
the four parameters:

o color fastness to light
o acidity or alkalinity of the aqueous leather extract
o fastness to dry cleaning
o migration test
 The procedures will be based upon:
principles of generally accepted procedures found in
past international and local studies
journals and publications
 Thestudy focuses only on experimentation and
on analysis of data. No marketing study has been
made.
RESEARCH PARADIGM
Input Process Output
Pomelo Peel Pectin Extraction Brown gelatinous

substance
Tanning Process at Varying
Immersion Time
Testings:
A. Physical and Chemical Tests
Constant Concentration: 1. tensile strength

10%v Formaldehyde 2. moisture content
2.5%wt Tannic Acid 3. water absorptivity
4. shrinkage temperature
Leather
15%wt Aluminum Sulfate
B. Additional Tests
1. color fastness to light

2. acidity or alkalinity of the
aqueous leather extract
3. fastness to dry cleaning
4. migration test
STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
1. Is there a significant difference in terms of tensile strength by

varying the time of the immersion of the pomelo peel in the
optimum concentration of solutions used in the process?
STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
2. Is there a significant difference in the quality of pomelo

peel leather, considering the optimum combination of
tanning agent concentration, and the general quality of
leather specified by ISO standards in terms of:
a. color fastness to light;
b. acidity or alkalinity of the aqueous leather extract;
c. fastness to dry cleaning;
d. migration test?
METHODOLOGY
RESEARCH DESIGN
 Quantitative and qualitative analysis of pectin in pomelo peel
 Physical tests
• Tensile strength
• Shrinkage temperature
 Chemical test
• Moisture content
• Water absorption determination
RESEARCH DESIGN
 Tanning agents employed in the leather making process:
10% by volume formaldehyde
2.5% by weight tannic acid
15% by weight aluminum sulfate
RESEARCH DESIGN
 Determination of optimum immersion time in treatment
process
 Color fastness to light
 Acidity or alkalinity of the aqueous leather extract
 Fastness to dry cleaning
 Migration test
DATA GATHERING TOOLS
 Books, publications and articles
 Past studies
DATA GATHERING PROCEDURE
 Qualitative and quantitative analysis of Pectin
 Leather making process
a) Preparation for tanning
b) Tanning process
c) Finishing
Leather making process
a. Preparation for tanning
i. Preparation of Pomelo peeling for tanning
• Cutting
• Washing
• Sprinkling with salt
• Air drying
b. Tanning Process
i. 10% by volume Formaldehyde
ii. 2.5% by weight Tannic acid
iii. 15% by weight Aluminum sulfate
b) Finishing
i. Drying
• Glycerol
PHYSICAL TESTING
TENSILE
1 ●
Cut into uniform sizes 60 mm by 20 mm
Clamping the specimen into the

2
●
experimental set up
3 ●
Addition of different weights
SHRINKAGE TEMPERATURE
●
Immersion of specimen in glycerin-
1
water solution
●
Heating until the specimen will shrink
2
up to 1/3 of its original area
CHEMICAL TESTING
MOISTURE CONTENT
1 ●
Cut into uniform sizes 20 mm by 20 mm and weighed
2 ●
Oven drying at 105OC for 24 hours
3 ●
2 hours at the desiccator
4 ●
Repeat process until constant weighing
WATER ABSORPTION
●
Specimen will be weighed and
1
submerged in water at 23OC for 1 hour
●
Remove in water, patted dry with lint
2
free cloth and weighed
ADDITIONAL TESTS
COLOR FASTNESS TO LIGHT
1 Half of leather strip sample covered against

●
sunlight
2 Expose sample to sunlight for 24 hours

●
3 ●
Evaluate fastness with grey scale
PH TEST
1 ●
5g sample
2 Sample + 100g distilled water in 250 mL erlenmeyer flask

●
3 ●
Agitate sample for 6 hours
4 ●
Determine pH using pH meter
COLOR FASTNESS TO DRY CLEANING
1 ●
Cut 20 mm by 50 mm sample
2 ●
Agitate with 300 mL solution for 30 minutes
3 ●
Squeeze and air dry
4 ●
MIGRATION TEST
1 Clamp half of sample with white plasticized

●
PVC
2 ●
Incubate for 16 hours at 50OC
3 ●
TREATMENT OF DATA
Significant difference in terms of tensile strength
at varied times of immersion
Analysis of variance using F-test

Fisher’s least significant difference (LSD)
as complementary procedure
COLOR FASTNESS TO LIGHT
pH TEST
FASTENESS TO DRY CLEANING
MIGRATION TEST
One sample t – test

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Pomelo (Citrus maxima) Peel

as Alternative Source of Leather:

 Environmental hazards from tanning process

 product from animal skin that has been chemically

 commonly labeled as “a by-product of the meat industry”.

Animal Tanning Leather

 “eco-leather”, from cotton or natural fibers mixed with plant

 Citrus fruit, “Potential of Pomelo (Citrus maxima) Peel as

 To provide an alternative source of leather at varying tanning

 To further investigate other properties of the leather

 To lessen the environmental hazards brought by the leather

 There are several ways to extract pectin from different

 Pectin can undergo gelation and can stabilize emulsions, and

 Leather tanning is the process of converting raw hides or skins

 The color of leather fades when exposed to light for a long

the effect of varying immersion time in the treatment

the four parameters:

Pomelo Peel Pectin Extraction Brown gelatinous

A. Physical and Chemical Tests

Constant Concentration: 1. tensile strength

1. color fastness to light

1. Is there a significant difference in terms of tensile strength by

2. Is there a significant difference in the quality of pomelo

Clamping the specimen into the

1 Half of leather strip sample covered against

2 Expose sample to sunlight for 24 hours

2 Sample + 100g distilled water in 250 mL erlenmeyer flask

1 Clamp half of sample with white plasticized

Analysis of variance using F-test

One sample t – test

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