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Research Methodology Using R and Eviews: One Week Faculty Development Programme ON

This document provides an overview of univariate data analysis and descriptive statistics. It discusses the three main types of data analysis: univariate, bivariate, and multivariate. For univariate analysis, it focuses on descriptive statistics including measures of central tendency (average, median, mode), dispersion (range, standard deviation), skewness, and kurtosis to describe the characteristics of a single variable. Specific statistical measures are defined for analyzing the central tendency, dispersion, skewness and kurtosis of univariate data.

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Hemal Pandya
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99 views13 pages

Research Methodology Using R and Eviews: One Week Faculty Development Programme ON

This document provides an overview of univariate data analysis and descriptive statistics. It discusses the three main types of data analysis: univariate, bivariate, and multivariate. For univariate analysis, it focuses on descriptive statistics including measures of central tendency (average, median, mode), dispersion (range, standard deviation), skewness, and kurtosis to describe the characteristics of a single variable. Specific statistical measures are defined for analyzing the central tendency, dispersion, skewness and kurtosis of univariate data.

Uploaded by

Hemal Pandya
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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1

ONE WEEK
FACULTY DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME
ON

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
USING
R AND EVIEWS
2

DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS -
UNIVARIATE DATA ANALYSIS
3
TYPES OF DATA ANALYSIS

 There are mainly three types of data sets based on the number of variables:
1) UNIVARIATE ANALYSIS- In univariate analysis, one variable is analyzed at a time.
2) BIVARIATE ANALYSIS- In bivariate analysis two variables are analyzed together and examined for any
possible association between them.
3) MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS - In multivariate analysis, the concern is to analyze more than two variables at a
time.
 The type of statistical techniques used for analyzing univariate and bivariate data depends upon the level of
measurements of the questions pertaining to those variables. Further, the data analysis could be of two types,
namely, descriptive and inferential.
4
STATISTICS

 Statistics is the art of learning from data….

Statistics

Descriptive Inferential
Statistics Statistics
5
DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS

Descriptive analysis deals with summary measures relating to the sample data.
The common ways of summarizing data are by calculating average, range, standard deviation, frequency and percentage distribution.
The first thing to do when data analysis is taken up is to describe the sample.

Examples of Descriptive Analysis:


 What is the average income of the sample?
 What is the average age of the sample?
 What is the standard deviation of ages in the sample?
 What is the standard deviation of incomes in the sample?
 What percentage of sample respondents are married?
 What is the median age of the sample respondents?
 Is there any association between the frequency of purchase of product and income level of the consumers?
 In short, DS describes the nature or characteristics of the data (usually sample) without making generalization.
6
DESCRIPTIVE ANALYSIS OF
UNIVARIATE DATA

 Measures of Central Tendency


 Measures of dispersion
 Measures of skewness
 Measures of kurtosis
7
MEASURES OF CENTRAL TENDENCY
8
MEASURES OF DISPERSION

Absolute Measures
 Range (appropriate for Interval and Ratio scale data)
 Mean Deviation
 Quartile Deviation
 Variance and Standard Deviation (appropriate for interval and ratio scale data)
Relative Measures
 Coefficient of Range (appropriate for Interval and Ratio scale data)
 Coefficient of Mean Deviation
 Coefficient of Quartile Deviation (appropriate for Ordinal, Interval and Ratio scale data)
 Coefficient of variation (appropriate for Ratio scale data)
 Relative and absolute frequencies (appropriate for Nominal scale data)
9
MEASURES OF SKEWNESS

Types of Skewness
 Positive
 Negative
Coefficients of Skewness
 Karl-Pearson’s Measure= (Mean-Mode)/S.D.
 Bowley’s Measure=(Q3+Q1-2Md)/(Q3-Q1)
 Kelly’s Measure=(D9+D1-2Md)/(D9-D1)
 Moments based coefficient (Beta-1) =
10
MEASURES OF SKEWNESS

Shape of a Distribution
• Describes how data is distributed
• Measures of shape
– Symmetric or skewed

Left-Skewed Symmetric Right-Skewed


Mean < Median < Mode Mean = Median =Mode Mode < Median < Mean

Chap 3-10
11
MEASURES OF KURTOSIS

Types of Kurtosis
 Platykurtic
 Mesokurtic
 Leptokurtic
Measure based on Moments (Beta-2)=
 Note:
 Mesokurtic distribution…kurtosis = 3
 Leptokurtic distribution…kurtosis < 3
 Platykurtic distribution…kurtosis > 3
12
MEASURES OF KURTOSIS

Leptokurtic Mesokurtic Platykurtic


(high peak) (normal) (low peak)
(+ve kurtosis) (zero kurtosis) (-ve kurtosis)
13

THANK YOU

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