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Optical Communication: Presented by Mrs. Naveena A Priyadharsini Asst. Prof. / ECE, Acew

This document provides an overview of optical communication through fiber optics. It begins by outlining the key topics to be covered, including the principle of light propagation through fiber, basic optical laws and definitions, conditions for total internal reflection, critical angle, acceptance angle, and skew rays. It then defines refractive index and discusses Snell's law of refraction. It explains how total internal reflection allows light to propagate along the fiber core and defines critical angle and acceptance angle. Numerical aperture is introduced as a measure of an optical system's ability to collect light, and skew rays are described as helical paths that do not intersect the fiber axis.

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143 views20 pages

Optical Communication: Presented by Mrs. Naveena A Priyadharsini Asst. Prof. / ECE, Acew

This document provides an overview of optical communication through fiber optics. It begins by outlining the key topics to be covered, including the principle of light propagation through fiber, basic optical laws and definitions, conditions for total internal reflection, critical angle, acceptance angle, and skew rays. It then defines refractive index and discusses Snell's law of refraction. It explains how total internal reflection allows light to propagate along the fiber core and defines critical angle and acceptance angle. Numerical aperture is introduced as a measure of an optical system's ability to collect light, and skew rays are described as helical paths that do not intersect the fiber axis.

Uploaded by

beaulajenish
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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OPTICAL COMMUNICATION

Presented by
Mrs. Naveena A Priyadharsini
Asst. Prof. / ECE,
ACEW.
OUTLINE OF PRESENTATION
 PRINCIPLE OF LIGHT PROPAGATION THROUGH A
FIBRE
 BASIC OPTICAL LAWS AND DEFINITIONS
 CONDITIONS TO ACHIEVE TOTAL INTERNAL
 REFLECTION
 CRITICAL ANGLE
 ACCEPTANCE ANGLE
 SKEW RAYS

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PRINCIPLE OF LIGHT PROPAGATION THROUGH
A FIBRE

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BASIC OPTICAL LAWS AND DEFINITIONS

Refractive Index

The refractive index of a medium is defined as the ratio


of velocity of light in vacuum to the velocity of light in
the medium

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RAY THEORY MODEL

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 If the dielectric on other side of interface has the refractive
index n2, which is less than n1 , then the refraction is such that
the ray path in this index medium is at an angle Φ2 to the
normal where Φ2>Φ1
 The angle of incidence Φ1 and the refraction Φ2 are related to
each other and to the refractive indices of dielectric by Snell’s
law of refraction which states that

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 If the angle of refraction is 90° then the refracted ray emerges
parallel to the interface between the dielectrics
 the angle of incidence must be less than 90°.

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When the light ray is incident on the interface between two
medium
having different indices at an angle greater than critical angle, the
light gets totally internally reflected within the medium of higher
refractive index.
 If the light hits the interface at any angle larger than this
critical angle, it will not pass through to the second medium at
all.
 Instead, all of it will be reflected back into the first medium, a
process known as total internal reflection.

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CRITICAL ANGLE

When the angle of incidence (Φ 1 ) is progressively increased, there will be


progressive increase of refractive angle (Φ2). At some condition of (Φ1),
the refractive angle (Φ2) becomes to the normal. When this happens the
refracted light ray travels along the interface. The angle of incidence (Φ1)
at the point at which the refractive angle (Φ1) becomes 90° is called the
critical angle. It is denoted by Φc.

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ACCEPTANCE ANGLE
In an optical fiber, a light ray undergoes its first refraction at the air-core interface.
The angle at which this refraction occurs is crucial because this particular angle
will dictate whether the subsequent internal reflections will follow the principle of
Total Internal Reflection. This angle, at which the light ray first encounters the core
of an optical fiber is called Acceptance angle.

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NUMERICAL APERTURE

 Numerical Aperture is a characteristic of any optical


system. For example, photo-detector, optical fiber, lenses
etc. are all optical systems.
 Numerical aperture is the ability of the optical system to
collect all of the light incident on it, in one area.

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NUMERICAL APERTURE

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NUMERICAL APERTURE

Numerical aperture (NA), shown in above


Figure, is the measure of maximum angle at
which light rays

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SKEW RAYS

 In a multimode optical fiber, a bound ray that travels in a


helical path along the fiber
 It is not parallel to the fiber axis
 It does not lie in a meridional plane
 It does not intersect the fiber axis is known as a Skew Ray

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SKEW RAYS

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 Skew rays are rays that travel through an optical fiber without
passing through its axis
 Skew rays are those rays which follow helical path but they
are not confined to a single plane. Skew rays are not confined
to a particular plane so they cannot be tracked easily
 Analyzing the meridional rays is sufficient for the purpose of
result, rather than skew rays, because skew rays lead to
greater power loss
 Skew rays propagate without passing through the center axis
of the fiber
 The acceptance angle for skew rays is larger than the
acceptance angle of meridional rays

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 Skew rays are often used in the calculation of light
acceptance in an optical fiber. The addition of skew rays
increases the amount of light capacity of a fiber. In large NA
fibers, the increase may be significant.
 The addition of skew rays also increases the amount of loss in
a fiber. Skew rays tend to propagate near the edge of the fiber
core. A large portion of the number of skew rays that are
trapped in the fiber core are considered to be leaky rays.
 Leaky rays are predicted to be totally reflected at the core-
cladding boundary. However, these rays are partially refracted
because of the curved nature of the fiber boundary. Mode
theory is also used to describe this type of leaky ray loss.

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THANK YOU

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