BUILDING TECHNOLOGY

Ar. Agustin J. Servidad Jr.

Class Instructor
 WOOD FLOOR SYSTEM /
PARTITION SYSTEM / CEILING
 BUILDING MATERIALS
 
WOOD MATERIALS
 
WOOD HAS DURABILITY AND BEAUTY. IT HAS GREAT ABILITY TO ABSORB
SHOCKS FROM SUDDEN LOAD AND LIGHT IN WEIGHT WHICH ADAPTABLE
IN A COUNTLESS VARIETY OF PURPOSES.

TWO MAJOR CLASSIFICATION OF WOOD:

• SOFTWOOD – THESE ARE USED FOR GENERAL CONSTRUCTION.

• HARDWOOD – THESE ARE USED FOR FLOORING, STAIRS,
PANELLING, FURNITURES AND INTERIOR TRIM.
 
PROPERTIES OF WOOD:

• HARDNESS – MEASURED BY THE COMPRESSION, WHICH A PIECE

UNDERGOES WHEN A WEIGHT IS APPLIED.
 • FLEXIBILITY – THE AMOUNT A PIECE WILL BEND BEFORE
BREAKING.
• STRENGTH – TO THE GRAIN.
• DURABILITY – THE RELATIVE VALUE / LIFESPAN OF WOOD.
 
DEFECTS OF LUMBER:
 
• DECAY – CAUSED BY THE ATTACKED OF FUNGI.

• CHECKS – CRACKS OR LENGTH WISE SEPARATION ACROSS THE

ANNUAL RINGS OF GROWTH.

• KNOTS – IRREGULAR GROWTHS IN THE BODY WHICH INTERRUPS

SMOOTH CURVE.

• PITCH POCKETS – WELL REFINED OPENINGS BETWEEN ANNUAL

RINGS CONTAINING SOLID OR LIQUID PITCH.

• WANE – IS THE LACK OF WOOD ON THE EDGE OR CORNER OF A

PIECE.
DEFECTS OF LUMBER:
TYPES OF WARPING:
 
• CUPPING – IS A DISTORTION OF THE BOARD IN WHICH THE
FACE IS CONVEX/CONCAVE ACROSS THE BOARD.
• BOWING – IS A DISTORTION OF THE BOARD IN WHICH THE
FACE IS CONVEX/CONCAVE LONGITUDINALLY.
• TWISTING – IS A DISTORTION OF THE BOARD IN WHICH ONE
CORNER IS RAISED.

DEFINITION OF TERMS:

• STRIPS – PIECES LESS THAN 2” THICK AND LESS THAN 8” WIDE.

• BOARDS – PIECES LESS THAN 2” THICK AND AT LEAST 8” WIDE.
• DIMENSION LUMBER – PIECES MORE THAN 2” THICK AND LESS
THAN 5” IN ANY DIMENSION.
• TIMBER – PIECES 4” OR MORE ON THE SMALLEST DIMENSION.
• LOG – PIECES 12” OR MORE ON THE SMALLEST DIMENSION.

 THREE CATEGORIES OF LUMBER:

• YARD LUMBER – USED FOR ORDINARY LIGHT CONSTRUCTION

AND FINISHING WORK. COMMONLY USED FOR FLOORING,
PLANK SIDING, TRIM AND MOULDING.
 STRIPS
BOARDS

TIMBER

LOG
 • SHOP LUMBER – IT IS INTENDED FOR USE IN SHOPS OR IN MILLS
MAKING SASH, DOORS, AND CABINETS.
• STRUCTURAL LUMBER – IS INTENDED FOR USE IN HEAVY
CONSTRUCTION FOR LOAD-BEARING PURPOSES AND IS CUT
INTO TIMBERS OF LARGER SIZE

WOOD GRAIN:

• EDGE GRAIN – ANNUAL RINGS RUN APPROX. AT RIGHT ANGLE TO

THE FACE.
• FLAT GRAIN – WHEN THE ANNUAL RINGS RUN MORE OR LESS
PARALLEL TO THE SURFACE.
• ANGLE GRAIN – WHEN THE ANNUAL RINGS ARE AT ABOUT 45
DEG. TO THE FACE.
 SEASONING OF LUMBER:
• AIR DRYING – LUMBER IS STRIP-PILED AT ASLOPE ON ASOLID
FOUNDATION. THIS ALLOWS AIR TO CIRCULATE AROUND
EVERY PIECE WHILE THE SLOPING ALOOWS WATER TO RUN
OFF QUICKLY.

• KILN-DRYING – MORE EXPENSIVE LUMBER WHICH IS

REQUIRED FOR MORE REFINED USES SO AS WOOD WILL NOT
MOVE. IT MUST BE DRIED TO A MOISTURE CONTENT OF NOT
MORE THAN 5 TO 10 PERCENT. THIS IS DONE IN AN AIRTIGHT
STRUCTURE SCIENTIFICALLY HEATED BY STEAM PIPES IN
WHICH THE LUMBER IS ARTIFICIALLY DRIED TO THE CORRECT
MOISTURE CONTENT.

AIR DRYING
THE DIFF. TYPES OF PLYWOOD:

• SOFT PLYWOOD - THE MOST COMMON FOR STRUCTURAL

USE
• HARDWOOD PLYWOOD – ARE USED FOR PANELLING AND
FINSHING WHERE USUALLY ON ONE FACE IS HARD
FINISHED.
• EXTERIOR OR MARINE PLYWOOD – IS MADE FOR EXTERNAL
USE.

• HARDBOARD – IS MADE FROM WOOD CHIPS WHICH ARE

EXPLODED INTO FIBERS UNDER STREAM OF HIGH PRESSURE.
THE LINING IN THE WOOD ITSELF BINDS PRESSED WOOD
TOGETHER WITH NO FILLERS OR ARTIFICIAL ADHESIVES
APPLIED. PRESSED WOOD IS EQUALLY STRONG IN ALL
DIRECTIONS BUT VERY BRITTLE. ITS COLOR VARIES FROM
LIGHT TO DARK BROWN.
MANUFACTURE BOARDS:

MANUFACTURED BOARDS ARE MADE OF WOOD BUT DOES NOT

APPEAR IN THEIR NATURAL STATE. THIS TYPE OF BUILDING MATERIALS
CAN BE CLASSIFIED AS A TYPE OF LUMBER AS THEY ARE THE BY-
PRODUCT IN THE MANUFACTURE OF LUMBER. THE COMPLETE
UTILIZATION OF WOOD HAS LEAD TO AN EXPANDED FIELD OF
MANUFACTURED BOARDS.
TYPES OF BOARDS:

• PLYWOOD – IS MADE OF AN ODD NUMBER VENEER SHEETS GLUED

TOGETHER WITH THE GRAINS RUNNING AT RIGHT ANGLE TO EACH
OTHER. IT IS LIGHT IN WEIGHT AND STRONG THAT SCREW OR NAIL
CAN BE DRIVEN CLOSE TO THE EDGES WITHOUT DANGER OF
SPLITTING.

• PARTICLE BOARD – IS MANUFACTURES FROM WOOD CHIPS, CURLS,

FIBERS, FLAKES, STRANDS, SHAVING, SLIVERS ETC. BOUND TOGETHER
AND PRESSED INTO SHEETS AND OTHER MOLDED SHAPED. PARTICLE
BOARD HAS EQUAL STRENGTH IN ALL DIRECTION OF A GIVEN CROSS
SECTIONAL AREA, IT IS NOT BRITTLE AND CAN RESIST WARPING.
PLYWOOD

PARTICLE BOARD

HARD BOARD
2.1 TYPES OF WOOD FRAMING

1. Light Wood Framing

2. Heavy Wood Framing of Beam and Girder Framing
1. Light Wood Framing

a). Balloon Frame.

This the lightest form of framing, in which the studding and corner
posts are set up in continuous lengths from first floor line or sill to roof
plate. Boards called ribbons are notched and nailed into the studs and
corner posts at the proper height to support the second story joists. A
joist is brought against a stud wherever possible. This type of frame is
lacking in rigidity and is liable to sway and tremble in heavy winds.

Ribbon, Ribband - a horizontal member which is housed in the studs of

balloon framing and carries joists.
 ATTIC FLOOR
RAFTER JOIST

DOUBLE
TOP PLATE
SECOND FLOOR
JOIST
STUD

RIBBON
OR RIBBAND
FIRST FLOOR
JOIST
LET-IN
BRACE BUILT-UP
GIRDER

GIRDER
SILL
POST

FOUNDATION
TYPES OF WOOD FRAMING
b) Combination Frame.
A modification of the old braced frame which was of heavy timbers
with every joint mortised and tenoned. The modification consists of
lighter timbers and less mortising and pinning to save material and
labor.

Girts are framed into the corner posts at the second story level joists
as well as to brace the whole frame. The girts which support the floor
joist are called drop girts; those parallel to the joists are called raised or
flush girts. The studs run from sill to girt and from girt to roof plate.
Diagonal braces run from sill to corner posts and from the corner posts
to the roof plate. This type of construction is more rigid than the balloon
frame.

Braced Frame, Full Frame – 1. The frame of a building in which the resistance to lateral forces or to frame instability is provided by diagonal bracing,
K-bracing, or other type of bracing. 2. Heavy, braced wood framing for a structure which uses girts that are mortised into solid posts; the posts are
full frame height, with one-story-high studs between, usually diagonally braced.
Girt –A horizontal structural member in the framing of a timber-framed house, typically supporting the ends of the ceiling joists and acting as the main
horizontal support for the floor or roof above. Often preceded by an adjective indicating its position; for example, front girt, denotes a heavy
timber that runs horizontally along the front of the house; rear girt, along the rear.
 Combination Frame.
RIDGE POLE

RAFTER
COLLAR TIE

PURLIN
SECOND REAR
PLATE
GIRT

SECOND FRONT SECOND END

PLATE GIRT

BRACE
CHIMNEY END GIRT
POST

STUD
FRONT
PLATE
BRACE
SILL
GIRT
CORNER POST

SILL
c) Platform Frame.

A system of framing for a building of wood construction several

stories high, in which the studs are only one story high; the floor
joists for each story rest on the top plates of the story below or
on the sole plate of the first story. Also called Western
Framing.
2. Heavy Wood Framing of Beam and Girder Framing - This is
the type of framing used in the Philippines in which the floor
joists are carried by girders, and the roof trusses or rafters by
girts which frame into the posts. Studs rest on floor sills and
extend up the girder or girt in every floor.

Top Plate – 1. The top horizontal member of a frame building to which the rafters are
fastened. 2. The horizontal member at the top of the partition studs.
Sole Plate – 1. Same as solepiece. 2. A horizontal timber which serves as a base for the
studs in a stud partition. 3. A plate riveted to the bottom flange of a plate girder to
bear on the masonry plate.
 Platform Frame.

RAFTER
ATTIC
FLOOR JOIST

DOUBLE TOP
PLATE
SECOND
STUD FLOOR JOIST
SOLE PLATE
BAND
JOIST
DOUBLE
TOP PLATE FIRST
FLOOR JOIST
LET - IN
BRACE
BUILT-UP
SOLE PLATE
GIRDER
BAND JOIST GIRDER
SILL POST

FOUNDATION
CONCRETE PIERS ON ISOLATED FOOTINGS

WOOD POSTS ON CONCRETE PIERS

Wood posts are anchor strapped to and supported by reinforced concrete

piers on isolated footings. For the wood post to seat perfectly on the
concrete, grout is poured in between the joint.

Pier – 1. A column designed to support concentrated load. 2. A member, usually in the form of a
thickened section, which forms an integral part of a wall; usually placed at intervals along
the wall to provide lateral support or to take concentrated vertical loads.
Isolated Footing – the individual spread footing supporting a freestanding column or pier.
WOOD BEAMS ON CONCRETE PIERS
POSTS
Wood posts may be solid, built-up, or spaced. In selecting a wood
post, the following should be considered: lumber species, structural
grade, modulus of elasticity, and allowable compressive, bending
and shear stress value permitted for the intended use. In addition,
attention must be paid to the precise loading conditions and the types
of connections used.

Wood posts are loaded axially in compression. Failure can result in

crushing of wood fibers if the maximum unit stress exceeds the
allowable unit stress in compression parallel to the grain. The load
capacity of the post is also determined by its slenderness ratio. As
the slenderness ratio of a post increases, a post can fail from
buckling.
Modulus of Elasticity – In an elastic material which has been subject to strain
below its elastic limit, the ratio of the unit stress to the corresponding unit
strain.
Slenderness Ratio – Of a column, the ratio of its effective length to its least radius
of gyration.
TYPES OF WOOD POSTS/COLUMNS
WOOD POST-BEAM CONNECTIONS
WOOD FLOOR FRAMING SYSTEM AND FLOOR
FINISHES
2.9.1 WOOD FLOOR FRAMING

The wood floor framing system consists of the common floor

joists, cross bridging, solid bridging, and other members
which provide support for the flooring, as follows:
Floor Joist – One of a series of parallel beams of timber, reinforced
concrete, or steel used to support floor and ceiling loads, and supported in
turn by larger beams, girders or bearing walls; the widest dimension is
vertically oriented.

Common Joist, Bridging Joist – A joist on which floor boards are laid;
neither supports a joist nor is it supported by another joist.

Binding Joist, binder – A beam which supports the common joists of a

wood floor above and the ceiling joists below; commonly joins two vertical
posts.

Girder – A large or principal beam of steel, reinforced concrete, or timber;

used to support concentrated loads at isolated points along its length.

Bridging – A brace, or a system of braces, placed between joists to stiffen

them, to hold them in place, and to help distribute the load.
 Cross Bridging, Diagonal Bridging, Herringbone Strutting – Diagonal
bracing, in pairs, between adjacent floor joists to prevent the joists from
twisting.

Block Bridging, Solid Bridging, Solid Strutting – Short members (boards)

which are fixed vertically between floor joists to stiffen the joists.

Bridging Floor – A floor supported by common joists, without girders.

Principal Joist – a large joist that carries much of the floor load.

Sleeper Joist – any joist resting directly on sleepers

Ledger, Ribbon or Ribband – a horizontal member which is housed in the

studs of balloon framing and carries joists.

Ledger Strip, Ribbon Strip – On a beam which carries joists flush with the
upper edge of the beam (or girder), a strip of lumber which is nailed to the side
of the beam (along its bottom edge), forming a seat for the joists and helping to
support them.

Sill – a horizontal timber, at the bottom of the frame of a wood structure, which
rests on the foundation.

Sleepers -1. One of a number of horizontal timbers that are laid on a concrete slab (or on the ground) and
to which the flooring is nailed. 2. Any long horizontal beam, at or near the ground, which distributes
the load from posts or framing.
FLOOR JOISTS ON BEAMS/GIRDERS
WOOD FLOOR FRAMING EXTENSIONS
FLOOR FINISHES

A. Wood Flooring
Strip Flooring – Hardwood
finish flooring; narrow tongue-
and-groove strips; commonly
maple, mahogany, oak, etc.

Plank Flooring – Flooring made of long, wide, square-sawn thick piece of timber called
planks; the specifications vary, but often the minimum width is 8” (200 mm), and the
minimum thickness is 2” to 4” (50 to 100 mm) for softwood and 1” (25 mm) for hardwood.

Parquet Flooring – Inlaid wood flooring usually set in simple geometric patterns.

Parquet Tile Flooring – parquet units glued to paper to form tiles for flooring. The tiles
are glued to the cement floor face down; when dry, paper is wet and stripped off the tile
surface; sanded and primed to finish.
 FLOOR FINISHES

Parquet Flooring

Plank Flooring

Parquet Tile Flooring

B. Cement Flooring and Cement Tile Flooring
C. Ceramic Tile & Vitrified Tile Flooring
2.10 PARTITION WALL FRAMING SYSTEM &
PARTITION WALL FINISHES

2.10.1 WOOD WALL FRAMING SYSTEM

A partition wall is a dividing wall within a building; may be bearing or non-load bearing.
Parts of the partition are:

Stud – an upright post or support, esp. one of a series of vertical structural members
which act as the supporting elements in a wall or partition.

Partition cap, head, plate – the uppermost horizontal member of a partition; the top
plate of a partition on which the joists rests.

Soleplate – a horizontal timber which serves as a base for the studs in a stud
partition.

Cripple – a structural element that is shorter than usual, as a stud above a door
opening or below a window sill.
 Bay Window With a Top Plate and Header Exterior Walls Constructed in the Shape of a
Extending Across the Opening in the Plane Bay Window
of the Wall
WOOD WALL FINISHES
Wood Boards – Lumber less than 2” (5 cm) thick and between 4” (10 cm) to
12” (30 cm) in width, used as horizontal and vertical board siding. The
various cuts of wood boards used in finishing works are:

HORIZONTAL BOARD SIDINGBEVEL

SIDING

Clapboard, Bevel siding, Lap siding – a

wood siding commonly used as an exterior BEVEL SIDING
covering on a building of frame construction;
applied horizontally and overlapped, with the
grain running lengthwise; thicker along the
lower edge than along the upper.

Dolly Varden siding – is bevel siding rabbeted

along the lower edge to receive the upper edge
of the board below it.
DOLLY VARDEN
Shiplap siding – wood sheathing whose
edges are rabbeted to make an
overlapping joint. Examples are v-cut,
rustic, stone-cut, and corrugated sidings.

Rustic siding – also called “drop

siding” or “novelty siding”; an exterior SHIPLAP SIDING

wall cladding of wooden boards (or strips

of other material such as aluminum or
vinyl), which are tongued and grooved or
rabbeted and overlapped so that the
lower edge of each board interlocks with
a groove in the board immediately below
it.
DROP SIDING

VERTICAL BOARD SIDING

MATCHED BOARDS – boards that

interlap or interlock and have flush, v-
sgroove, or beaded joints.

MATCHED SIDINGS
T&G siding – “Tongue and
groove” boards, also called
“dressed and matched”
boards and are boards or
lumber that has been planed T&G

smooth; cut so that a tongue

along one edge fits into a
groove cut along the edge of
the adjacent piece.

V-cut siding – any saw cut

or cut in wood whose
rabbeted joint is v-shaped.

Corrugated siding –
scalloped wood sheathing
with the convex forms visible.

V-CUT
CORRUGATED
SIDINGS
SQUARE-EDGE BOARDS - boards used with other boards and battens
to protect and enhance the vertical joints and form board-and-board or
board-and-batten patterns.

“Board and Batten” or “Batten” siding – narrow battens or wood

strips attached to the joints of T&G sheathing. Wood strips are
lumber less than 4” (10 cm) wide.

“Batten and Board” – board emphasized, battens at back.

Board and Board Siding or Stone-cut siding – visible equal sized

board and batten.

BOARD SIDINGS BATTEN

BATTEN ON A BOARD AND BOARD
BOARD
B. Wood Manufactured Boards – are panels made of wood but do not appear
in their natural state. Types of manufactured wood boards are:

Plywood – made of an odd number of veneer sheets glued together with the
grains running at right angles to each other. Use 16” (405 mm) stud spacing for
10 mm plywood; 24” (610 mm) stud spacing for 12 mm plywood. The different
types of plywood are:

Soft Plywood – used for form lumber

Hardwood Plywood – used for paneling and

finishing work where usually one face is hard-finished.

Marine Plywood or Exterior Grade Plywood –

used for exterior use where waterproof glue is used.

Hardboard and/or Plyboard – made from wood chips which are exploded
into fibers under a stream of high pressure. The lining in the wood itself binds
pressed wood together with no fillers or artificial adhesives applied. Pressed
wood is equally strong in all directions but very brittle. Its color varies from light to
dark brown.
Fiberboard – are finishing materials made from vegetable fibers such as
corn or sugarcane stalks pressed into sheets. It is not very strong, but has
good insulating properties therefore it is usually applied as a ceiling finish
only.

Gypsum Board – is a non-combustible building board with a gypsum core

enclosed in tough, smooth paper. It is designed to be used without addition
of plaster for walls, ceilings or partitions. It is extensively used in “dry wall”
construction, where plaster is eliminated. Brand names: BORAL,
ELEPHANT.

Fiber Cement Boards – Fiber-reinforced cement board is composed of

72% Portland cement, 20% mineralized cellulose fibers derived from
recycled materials, and 8% calcium carbonate.

Particle Board – is manufactured from wood chips, curls, fibers, flakes,

strands, shaving, and slivers, bound together and pressed into sheets,
molded and shaped. Particle boards have equal strength in all directions in
a given cross sectional area, are not brittle and can resist warping.

Dry Wall Construction, Dry Construction – The use of dry materials such
as gypsum board, plywood, or wall board in construction without
the application of plaster or mortar.
WOOD CEILING FRAMING SYSTEM
WOOD CEILING FRAMING SYSTEM

A wood ceiling framing system consists of a framework of joists

composed of the ceiling joists, the binding joist or binder, the plate
joist and the ceiling strap.

Ceiling joist - one of several small beams to which the ceiling of a room
is attached. They are mortised into the sides of the binding joists, nailed
to the underside of these joists, or suspended from them by straps.

CEILING JOIST
WOOD CEILING FRAMING SYSTEM

Binding joist or binder – a beam which supports the common joists of a

wood floor above and the ceiling joists below; commonly joins two vertical
posts.

Plate joist - a horizontal board which connects and terminates the ceiling
joists. It provides the line and rigidity at the ends of the joists and
connects the suspended ceiling to the walls.

Ceiling strap – a strip of wood, nailed to the underside of floor joists or

rafters, from which a ceiling is suspended or fastened.
WOOD TRUSS
MAJOR TYPE OF ROOF:
Shed Roof, Lean-to Roof or
Pent Roof – a roof shape
having only one sloping plane.
RIDGE

DORMERS
HIP

GABLE

RAKE

SHED

EAVE

VALLEY
Gable Roof or Pitch Roof – a roof
having a single slope on each side
of a central ridge; usually with a
gable at one or both ends.

Hip Roof or Hip and Valley Roof – a

roof which slopes upward from all
four sides of a building, requiring a
hip rafter at each corner.

Pyramidal Roof – a hipped roof that

usually has four to six sloping
surfaces, terminating in a peak.

Pavilion Roof – a roof hipped equally

on all sides, so as to have a
pyramidal form; a pyramidal hipped
roof.

Gambrel Roof – a roof which has two

pitches on each side (U.S.); in Great
Britain called a Mansard Roof.
Sawtooth Roof - is a development of the shed roof made into a series of lean-to
roofs covering one building. This is commonly used in factories where extra light
is required through the clerestories formed in the vertical portion of the roof.

Butterfly Roof – is a two shed roof where the slopes meet at the center of the
building.

Dome – is a hemispherical form of roof usually found in observatories.

Conical Roof or Sphire – is a steep roof of circular section that tapers uniformly
from the circular base to a central point.
2.12.2 RAFTER FRAMING

A. Rafter Framing for Shed Roofs

Flat roofs are framed in a manner similar to floor joist framing.

B. Rafter Framing for Gable Roofs
The main components of a gable rafter framing system are:

Common Rafters – the main rafters

which extend from a wall plate to a
ridge board or ridge beam and RIDGE BOARD

support the sheathing and covering of COMMON RAFTERS

a roof.
COLLAR TIES

Collar Ties – unite two opposing

rafters at a point below the ridge,
usually in the upper third of the rafter
RIDGE BEAM
length.

Ridge Board – is a non-structural

horizontal member to which the upper
ends of the rafters are aligned and
fastened.

Ridge Beam – is a structural

horizontal member supporting the
upper ends of rafters at the ridge of a
roof.
C. Rafter Framing for Hip Roofs
The main components of a hip rafter framing system are:
Hip Rafter – form the junction of the sloping sides of a hip roof.

Jack Rafter – is any rafter that is shorter than the full length of the
roof slope, as one meeting a hip or a valley.

Hip Jack Rafter – is a jack rafter extending from a wall plate to a hip
rafter.

Valley Jack – extend from a valley rafter to a ridge.

Valley Rafter – connect the ridge to the wall plate along a valley.
C. Rafter Framing for Hip Roofs
2.12.3 TRUSS FRAMING AND PARTS OF A TRUSS
A truss is a structure composed of a combination of members, usually
in some triangular arrangement so as to constitute a rigid
framework. The major parts of a truss are:
Chord – A principal member of a truss which extends from one end to the other,
primarily to resist bending; usually one of a pair of such members. The two types of
chord members are the upper or top chord and the lower or bottom chord.

Web – In a truss, any member which joins the top and bottom chords. There are two
types of web members: the vertical web members and the diagonal web members.

King post – A vertical member extending from the apex of the inclined rafters to the tie
beam between the rafters at their lower ends. A joggle post is a king post having
shoulders or notches at its lower end to support the feet of struts.

Collar beam – A horizontal member which ties together (and stiffens) two opposite
common rafters, usually at a point about halfway up the rafters.
 Panel Length
Peak

Truss Plate Continuous Lateral Brace

Top Chord
Slope
Heel Pitch
Web

Bottom Chord Splice

Wedge Block
Bearing Point Panel Point

Span (Out to Out of Bearings)

Cantilever

Overhang Bottom Chord Length

2.12.4 TYPES OF TRUSSES

The main types of wood trusses are:

King-post truss – 1. A structural support for a roof KING-POST

formed by two inclined rafters joined at the apex of

their intersection; a horizontal tie beam. 2.
Connects the rafters near their lower ends, and a
vertical central member, called a king post, which
connects the apex with the midpoint of the tie
beam.

Queen-post truss – A roof truss having two

QUEEN-POST
vertical posts (queen post) between the rafters
and the tie beam; the upper ends of the vertical
posts are connected by a straining piece, such as
a tie rod or cable.

Howe truss – a truss having upper and lower

horizontal members, between which are vertical
and diagonal members; the vertical members of HOWE TRUSS

the web take tension; and the diagonal members

are under compression.
Fink truss, Belgian truss,
French truss – a symmetrical truss,
esp. used in supporting large sloping
roofs; in the form of three isosceles
triangles – one in the center with its
base along the horizontal tie, and
each of the outer two having its base
along the sloping sides of an upper
chord.

Scissors truss – a type of truss

used to support a pitched roof; the FINK TRUSS

ties cross each other and are

connected to the opposite rafters at
an intermediate point along their
length.
TYPES OF TRUSSES
2.12.5 COMMON TYPES OF ROOF COVER

CORRUGATED GALVANIZED IRON ROOFING

Galvanized iron roofing may either be plain or corrugated. The

thicknesses are measured in terms of “gauge” from ga. 14 to ga. 30.
Gauge 26 is the most commonly used for roofing. The standard
commercial size width is 0.80 m, with length ranging from 1.50 m
to 3.60 m.

Plain G.I. sheet commercial size is 0.90 m x 2.40 m. It is also used for
roofing, gutters, flashing, ridge, hip and valley rolls, downspouts and
straps for riveting.
2.12.5 COMMON TYPES OF ROOF COVER
*MERCADO, JOSE L. The Architectural Reviewer, Vol. II:
Materials and Methods of Construction
B. METAL SEAM ROOFING (using plain G.I. sheets)
C. BATTEN SEAM ROOFING (using plain G.I. sheets)
D.CLAY / CEMENT TILE ROOFING
Tile roofing consists of clay or concrete units that overlap or interlock to create a
strong textural pattern. Like slate, roofing tiles are fire-resistant, durable, and require
little maintenance. They are also heavy and require roof framing that is strong enough
to carry the weight of the tiles.

Roofing tiles are normally installed over a solid plywood deck with an underlayment of
30 lb. or 45 lb. roofing felt. Special tile units are used at ridges, hips, rakes and
eaves.

KINDS OF ROOF CLAY TILES

Plain Tile or Flat Tile - Plain tiles are always 265 x 165mm in overall size and
require 60 tiles per square meter. They are sometimes referred to as "double lapped"
or "double lap" tiles - a reference to the fact that when they are laid on the roof, at all
critical points there must be a double overlap (three layers of tile) to prevent the
ingress of water. There are two types of plain tiles as follows:
 Overlapping -
tiles which overlap the next tile in the same
course but which fit together without
interlocking bars simply by overlapping

Interlocking -
Tiles with fully interlocking bars (side and head
on the upper surface and the opposing 2
sides beneath). Interlocking tiles are, like
overlapping tiles, sometimes referred to as
"single lapped" or "single lap" tiles.

B. Pantile -
The shape most commonly associated with historic
clay roofing tiles is probably that of convex or
rounded tiles, often grouped together generically as
"pan tiles" or "pantiles."
 Spanish or S – tile – S-shape tiles where one interlocks with the
other

Barrel or Mission tile - Tiles where one halfcylinder overlaps another

inverted halfcylinder to form a cover and pan (cap and trough)
arrangement.
ROOF CLAY TILE CONSTRUCTION