Next Generation Networks (The

Radio Aspect)
Radio Interface
Radio Interface Structure
 Layers in Air Interface Protocol Stack
PDCP
• IP header compression and decompression.
• Ciphering and de-ciphering of user and control plane data.
• Integrity protection and verification of control plane data.
• Transfer of data and PDCP sequence number maintenance.

RLC
• Supports three modes i.e. Transparent, Unacknowledged and Acknowledged
• Transfer of upper layer PDUs by concatenation, segmentation and reassembly of PDCP PDUs.
• Error correction through ARQ in Acknowledged Mode.

MAC
• Error correction through Hybrid ARQ.
• Priority handling with dynamic scheduling between different UEs
• Integrity protection and verification of control plane data.
• Multiplexing/Demultiplexing of MAC SDUs from one or different logical
channels onto transport blocks (TB) to be delivered to the physical layer
on transport channels. 

Physical
• Physical Layer carries all information from the MAC transport channels over
the air interface.
• Performs various functions such as modulation and radio frequency transmission,
power control, measurements etc.
 Channel Structure in LTE

• Logical Channels: : Define what type of information is transmitted over the air, e.g. traffic channels,
control channels. Used to RLC PDUs/MAC SDUs between RLC and MAC Layer.

• Transport Channels: Define howis something transmitted over the air, e.g. what are encoding, interleaving
options used to transmit data. The purpose of Transport channels is to provide varying bitrate services and
multiplexing of several services over the air interface. Data and signaling messages are carried on
transport channels between the MAC and the physical layer.

• Physical Channels: Define whereis something transmitted over the air, e.g. first N symbols in the DL frame.
Data and signaling messages are carried on physical channels between the different levels of the physical
layer.
 Logical Channels in LTE
Logical Channels

Control Traffic

Broadcast Control Channel (BCCH) Dedicated Traffic Channel (DTCH)

– DL broadcast of system control information. – UL/DL Dedicated Traffic to one UE, user
information.
Paging Control Channel (PCCH)
– DL paging information. UE position not known on Multicast Traffic Channel (MTCH)
– DL point-to-multipoint. MBMS user data.
cell level

Common Control Channel (CCCH)

– UL/DL. When no RRC connection exists.

Multicast Control Channel (MCCH)

– DL point-to-multipoint for MBMS scheduling and
control, for one or several MTCHs.

Dedicated Control Channel (DCCH)

– UL/DL dedicated control information. Used by
UEs having an RRC connection.
 Transport Channels in LTE
Transport Channels

Downlink Uplink

Broadcast Channel (BCH) Uplink Shared channel (UL-SCH)

– System Information broadcasted in the entire – User data and control signaling.
coverage area of the cell. HARQ and link adaptation.

Downlink Shared Channel (DL-SCH) Random Access Channel (RACH)

– User data, control signaling and System Info. – Channel used to transmit information needed
Techniques such as HARQ, link adaptation etc are to obtain scheduling grants
used.

Paging Channel (PCH)

– Paging Info broadcasted in the entire cell. DRX

Multicast Channel (MCH)

– MBMS traffic broadcasted in entire cell. MBSFN
is supported.
 Physical Channels in LTE

Physical Channels Physical Signals

Set of Physical resources used for transmission of Set of Physical resources used to support physical layer
data and/or control information from the MAC layer. functionality but do not carry any info from MAC layer

Physical Downlink Shared Channel (PDSCH) Reference Signals (RS)

– transmission of the DL-SCH transport channel – support measurements and coherent
Physical Uplink Shared Channel (PUSCH) demodulation in uplink and downlink.
– transmission of the UL-SCH transport channel Primary and Secondary Synchronization signals
Physical Control Format Indicator Channel (PCFICH) (P-SCH and S-SCH)
– indicates the PDCCH format in DL – DL only and used in the cell search procedure.
Physical Downlink Control Channel (PDCCH) Sounding Reference Signal (SRS)
– DL L1/L2 control signaling – supports UL scheduling measurements
Physical Uplink Control Channel (PUCCH)
– UL L1/L2 control signaling
Physical Hybrid ARQ Indicator Channel (PHICH)
– DL HARQ info(ACK/NACK)
Physical Broadcast Channel (PBCH)
– DL transmission of the BCH transport channel.
Physical Multicast Channel (PMCH)
– DL transmission of the MCH transport channel.
Physical Random Access Channel (PRACH)
– UL transmission of the random access preamble
as given by the RACH transport channel.
 LTE Physical Channels
LTE defines a number of physical channels used to convey specific sets of
data and signaling in the uplink and downlink.

• Physical Broadcast Channel (PBCH): Contains system configuration

and overhead information.

• Physical Downlink Shared Channel (PDSCH): Used to carry data,

paging and signaling messages.

• Physical Downlink Control Channel (PDCCH): Used by the eNB to

assign resources to the UE, control uplink power, request channel
quality reports, and so on.

• Physical Control Format Indicator Channel (PCFICH): Identifies the

number of slots used by the PDCCH in a subframe.

• Physical Hybrid ARQ Indicator Channel (PHICH): Carries Hybrid ARQ

Ack/Nack indications.

• Physical Random Access Channel (PRACH): Used for initial system

access.

• Physical Uplink Shared Channel (PUSCH): Used for uplink data

transmissions.

• Physical Uplink Control Channel (PUCCH): Used to carry ACK/NAK

and Channel Quality Information (CQI) for downlink transmissions,
as well as UL scheduling requests.
LTE Reference or Pilot Signals

eNodeB provides signals embedded within the uplink and downlink transmissions:

• Reference Signals: Also known as pilots, reference signals provide a known or predictable pattern that
allows the UE to decode the physical channels and estimate downlink channel conditions.

• Synchronization Signals: Synchronization signals allow UEs to detect and identify cells during initial system
acquisition, and provide an initial timing reference.

• The UE also provides reference or pilot signals, to allow the network to estimate uplink channel conditions
and coherently demodulate its transmissions.
Channel Mapping
 LTE Radio Interface

 Radio interface in LTE is developed according to

requirements of spectrum flexibility, spectrum  Radio resources are divided in frequency
efficiency and cost effectiveness. and time domain.

 The smallest allocation is a set of 12

 OFDMA used in DL and SC-FDMA used in the uplink. subcarriers for 1 msec each having
bandwidth of 15 kHz.
 Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA)

• OFDMA (Orthogonal Frequency Multiple Access) is the multiple access method that separates the users
and channels in frequency and time. The different users and/or different channels are orthogonal within
one cell. This means that they do not interfere with each other in the same cell.

• OFDMA dynamically assigns a subset of OFDM subcarriers to individual users, making this the multi-user
version of OFDM, using either Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) (separate time frames) or Frequency
Division Multiple Access (FDMA) (separate channels) for multiple users. OFDMA simultaneously supports
multiple users by assigning them specific sub-channels for intervals of time.
 Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM)

 The basic principle of OFDM is to split a high-rate data stream into a number of lower rate
streams that are transmitted simultaneously over a number of subcarriers.

 The subcarriers that are modulated with QPSK/QAM symbols are orthogonal to each other.
Orthogonal Sub-Carriers

 The condition of orthogonally requires that the sub-carrier spacing is:

f = k / Ts where k is an integer and Ts is symbol time.

 In LTE the sub carrier spacing is 15 kHz.

LTE Radio Interface: Basic Frame Structure
LTE Radio Interface: Basic Frame Structure

1 Frame = 10msec

1 Frame = 10 Sub-Frames

1 Sub Frame = 1 msec

1 Slot = 1 Resource Block =0.5

msec

1 Resource Element = 66.67

micro sec (+ CP duration of 4.7
msec)
 LTE Radio Interface: Salient Features

• Transmission Time Interval in LTE is 1 msec.

• The smallest allocation is a subframe. eNodeB dynamically allocate subframes with variable modulation
schemes (QPSK, 16QAM, 64QAM) and coding rates depending on the received Channel Quality Indicators
(CQI) from connected UEs and also uplink quality by measuring uplink reference signals embedded in
uplink transmission.

• Hybrid Automatic Repeat and reQuest (HARQ) caters for layer 2 retransmission functionality.

• MIMO is implemented in LTE for higher data rates and better signal performance.
 LTE Downlink Physical Resources
• The LTE symbol length is 1/15000 = 66.7 microsec. Each symbol is followed by a cyclic prefix (CP) of length 4.7 microsec. The
CP is a copy of last part of the symbol and is used to improve the robustness against time dispersive channel.

• (1/Subcarrier BW + CP Length) => 14 modulation symbols per 1 msec TTI . Thus 12 subcarriers that make up a Resource
Block can carry 168 modulation symbols with 1 Antenna Port or 168 x 2 = 336 with 2 Antenna Ports.

• One Resource Element carry one modulation symbol and these resource elements are used to carry downlink physical
channels and reference signals.

• The DL active resource elements are used to carry various types of channels i.e DL Reference Signals, DL L1/L2 Control
Signalling, Sync Signals (SS), Broadcast Control Channel (BCH)and User Data.
 LTE Frame Structure

http://paul.wad.homepage.dk/LTE/lte_resource_grid.html
 Downlink Reference Signals
• Reference Signal is a special signal that exists only at PHY layer. This is not for delivering any specific
information. The purpose of this Reference Signal is to deliver the reference point for the downlink power.

• RS are included in all the Resource Blocks across the whole bandwidth.

• 4 reference symbols per resource block.

• 8 Resource elements per subframe are used to carry the cell specific reference. In case of 2x2 MIMO 16
resource elements per subframe are required to carry DL Reference signals.

• The reference signals can be used by the UE for downlink channel estimation to enable coherent detection.
 Cell Specific Reference Signal

• The sequence used to generate cell specific reference signal is dependent upon physical cell identity (PCI).
This sequence defines the complex numbers which are mapped (QPSK modulated) onto Resource
Elements prior to generating the OFDMA signal.

• (For Normal Cyclic Prefix) Cell specific reference signal sequence is a product of

– 1 of 3 Orthogonal sequence
– 1 of 168 psuedo random sequence

This imply 3 x168 = 504 sequences = 504 different physical cell identities

• The reference signal is used for;

– Coherent demodulation in the UE

– Measurements for mobility i.e cell selection, reselection and handover
– Channel quality measurements for scheduling
 RS position in Resource Block
• The time domain index (l) for the reference signal = fixed. ( l = [0,4] ) i.e. OFDMA Symbol 0 and 4.

• The frequency domain index is defined by “Physical Cell ID mod 6”.

 Downlink Measurements by UE

• RSRP: Reference Signal Received Power (dBm)

Avg power of Resource Elements that carry cell specific Reference Signals(RS) over the entire bandwidth,
so RSRP is only measured in the symbols carrying RS.

Reporting Range: -140 <= RSRP <= -44 dBm

• RSRQ : Reference Signal Received Quality (dB)

Equivalent to UMTS CPICH Ec/No

RSRQ = RSRP / (RSSI / N)

where N is the number of RBs over which Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI) is measured.
RSSI is calculated as linear average of total power measured across OFDMA symbols that contain Reference Symbols
transmitted from the first antenna port e.g. symbols 0 and 4 when MIMO is not used.

Reporting Range: - 3 <= RSRQ < -19.5 dB

 Synchronization Signals

• Synchronization Signal is comprised of a primary SS sent during OFDM symbol no. 5 and a secondary SS
sent during OFDM symbol # 6. The detection of these signals allows the UE to complete time and
frequency synchronization and to acquire useful system parameters such as cell identity, cyclic prefix
length etc.

• The synchronization signals are only sent on subframe 0 and 5 of each 10msec radio frame.
 Synchronization Signals

• In the frequency domain, the PSS and SSS occupy the central six resource blocks, irrespective of the system
channel bandwidth, which allows the UE to synchronize to the network without a priori knowledge of the
allocated bandwidth. (The downlink channel bandwidth is subsequently read from the Master Information
Block (MIB) on the Physical Broadcast Channel(PBCH)).

• In other words, in order to simplify the procedure, the Synchronization Signal (SS) occupies only 63 (62 +
DC carrier) subcarriers in the center of available spectrum. The UE therefore only processes only these 63
sub-carriers, independent of the spectrum allocations.
 Cell Search
• Cell search is the process of identifying and obtaining DL
synchronization to cells, so that the broadcast info from the
cell can be detected.

• The Primary-SCH is used to:

– Achieve symbol, slot and sub-frame synchronization.

– Determine the Physical Layer Cell Identity (PCI) from

within Physical Layer Identity Group, There are 3 PCI
within each group so the PSS is generated using 1 of 3
different sequences.

• The Secondary-SCH use different sequences in each of the

two symbols in each radio frame thus making it possible to
achieve frame synchronization. The Secondary-SCH is used
to;

– Achieve frame synchronization

– Determine Physical Cell Identity Group. There are 168

PCI groups ,so the S-SCH is generated using 1 of 168
different pairs of sequences.
 Physical Broadcast Channel (PBCH)

• PBCH is used to broadcast the Master Information Block (MIB) using BCH
transport channel and BCCH logical channel.

• The PBCH is only sent on the 72 center subcarriers and uses the first four
OFDMA symbols of the second slot in the first subframe of each 10 msec
radio frame. The RS REs (including those which would be used in case
multiple antenna ports are used) are excluded from the PBCH allocation.

REs for PBCH = (72 x 4) – 48 = 240

• PBCH uses QPSK modulation so 240 REs provide 480 bits.

• The set of REs allocated to the PBCH is independent of channel bandwidth.

The UE does not require any knowledge of the channel bandwidth prior to
decoding of PBCH. The DL channel bandwidth is subsequently read from
the MIB within the PBCH. This information is required to decode other
channels.
 Downlink L1/L2 Control Signaling

• A min of one OFDM symbol per subframe is reserved for DL L1/L2 control signaling from PCFICH, PDCCH ad
PHICH. The L1/L2 control signaling includes DL scheduling assignments required by UE to properly receive,
demodulate and decode PDSCH, UL scheduling grants informing UE about resources and transport formats
and HARQ acknowledgements in response to the UE’s Uplink transmission.
 Physical Control Format Indicator Channel (PCFICH)
• PCFICH is used at the start of each 1 ms subframe to signal the number of symbols used for PDCCH
transmission.

• The range of signaled values depends upon channel bandwidth.

• Two bits of information, corresponding to a control region size of 1, 2, or 3 OFDM symbols, are coded into
a 32-bit long sequence using a rate-1/16 simplex code. The coded bits are scrambled, QPSK-modulated and
mapped to 16 resource elements.

• The PCFICH occupies 16 Resource Elements within 1st OFDMA symbol for each 1 msec subframe. These 16
subframes are divided into four quadruplets. The position of these four quadruplets within first OFDMA
symbol depends upon the DL channel bandwidth and the PCI. These Resource elements are thus not
available for PDCCH mapping.
 Physical Downlink Control Channel (PDCCH)

• The PDCCH is used to transfer Downlink Control Information (DCI). DCI

can be used to schedule resources on the PUSCH or downlink resources
on the PDSCH. Alternatively DCI can be used to transmit Transmit
Power Control (TPC) commands for either the PUSCH or PUCCH.

• Resource elements allocated to the PDCCH are grouped into

quadruplets (groups of 4 resource elements). The number
of quadruplets available to the PDCCH is equal to the number of
quadruplets within the set of OFDMA symbols signaled by the PCFICH,
which have not already been allocated to the PCFICH, PHICH
or Reference Signals;

• Resource element quadruplets are grouped into Control Channel

Elements (CCE). There are 9 quadruplets within a single CCE, i.e. 36
resource elements per CCE. The PDCCH uses QPSK modulation, so a
single CCE can transfer 72 bits.
 Physical Hybrid-ARQ Indicator Channel (PHICH)
• The PHICH is used for transmission of hybrid-ARQ acknowledgements in response to UL-SCH transmission.
There is one PHICH present for each terminal expecting an acknowledgement in the subframe.

• Each PHICH carries one bit, which is repeated three times, modulated, spread with a spreading factor of four
and mapped to three groups of four resource elements each. Multiple PHICHs form a PHICH group and the
PHICHs within a PHICH group are code-multiplexed using different orthogonal spreading sequences and share
the same set of resource elements.

• Each connection can transfer a maximum of 1 transport block per subframe on the PUSCH so a maximum of 1
PHICH acknowledgement per subframe per connection is required.

• A PHICH acknowledgement is identified by its:

– PHICH group
– PHICH Orthogonal Sequence Index within PHICH Group (With Normal Cyclic Prefix there are 8
orthogonal sequences per PHICH group).

• The number of PHICH groups is a function of the downlink channel bandwidth and the PHICH Group Scaling
factor. Both the DL channel bandwidth and the PHICH group scaling factor are broadcast within Master
Information Block (MIB) on the PBCH.
 LTE DL Physical Channels for User Data

• The Physical Downlink Control Channel (PDCCH) is used by the eNB to carry control information to the UE. This
channel carries transport format allocation, the UE scheduling grant, and resource allocation information for the UE.
The PDCCH is located within the first 1, 2, or 3 OFDM symbols in the first slot of a subframe and uses QPSK
modulation. It carries Downlink Control Information (DCI) which contains downlink/uplink scheduling information, or
uplink power control commands. The PDCCH also performs power control of the PUSCH.

• The Physical Downlink Shared Channel (PDSCH) is used by the eNB to carry shared data and paging information to the
UE. This channel also carries multicast messages that are transmitted only for a group of users. Data transmissions
can use QPSK, 16-QAM or 64-QAM modulation, based on channel conditions. Layer mapping and precoding
operations for MIMO are also performed on this channel.
 Physical Downlink Shared Channel (PDSCH)

• The PDSCH is used to transfer;

– Application Data
– Paging and other RRC signaling messages
– System Information (SIBs)

• System info, paging and other downlink RRC messages represent an additional overhead from the
perspective of transferring application data.

• The PDSCH can be modulated using 64QAM, 16QAM or QPSK. The eNB selects the appropriate modulation
scheme according to its link adaptation algorithm.

• QPSK is always used when transferring system information or paging messages: this helps to ensure that
these low bit rate messages can be received across the entire cell.

• Downlink Control Information (DCI), that is transmitted on PDCCH, is used to allocate PDSCH resources to
individual UEs. In other words, UE are told through DCI in PDCCH regarding which subframes are assigned
to the UE.
 Physical Downlink Shared Channel (PDSCH)
• The resource elements not used by the Control Channels or Pilots are ‘left overs’ that can be used for user
data i.e. for PDSCH.

• The variable having the greatest impact on percentage of REs available to the PDSCH is the number of
OFDMA symbols allocated to the PDCCH.
 LTE Downlink Physical Layer Parameters

• The carrier in the center of the band known as Direct Current (DC) Carrier along with a number of carriers
at channel edges are not used.
 LTE Uplink Physical Resources

• In uplink LTE employs modulation scheme called Single Carrier (SC) FDMA. This is different to OFDMA and
has low Peak to Average Ratio, thus makes UE battery inexpensive and more efficient.

• For user allocation, same 15 kHz orthogonal subcarriers are grouped in 12 to produce Resource Blocks
(RBs). However, these 12 carriers have to be contiguous.

• Each UE can be assigned 1 or any number of RBs.

• The uplink scheduling is carried out on a sub-frame basis of 1msec (as is the case in downlink).
LTE Uplink Physical Resources
 LTE UL Physical Channels for User Data

The Physical Uplink Control Channel (PUCCH) is used by a UE to transfer control information to the eNB. This
channel carries HARQ, CQI, and MIMO-related feedback information for the downlink. In addition, this channel
carries scheduling requests for uplink transmission. The PUCCH is mapped to a control channel resource in the
uplink, which occupies two consecutive resource blocks, with frequency hopping at the slot boundary. Note
that the PUCCH and the PUSCH are never transmitted simultaneously.

The Physical Uplink Shared Channel (PUSCH) is used to carry shared data and various feedback reports (CQI to
indicate channel quality, buffer status to request additional resources, Rank Indication (RI) and Precoding
Matrix Index (PMI) for MIMO). The PUSCH also carries Ack/Nack indications during data transmissions.
LTE UE Capability

• LTE UEs are divided into five categories. The number of supported modulation schemes and MIMO layers
by LTE UE will dictate the UL and DL data rates.
 LTE UE Categories

LTE Category 3: iPhone 5s, Samsung Galaxy S4, Nokia Lumia 625, Sony C6603 - Xperia Z

LTE Category 4: HTC One (M8), Sony Xperia Z1, Samsung Galaxy Note 3, Samsung Galaxy S5
 Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO)
• With multiple antennas at both transmitter and receiver, it
is also possible to achieve spatial multiplexing, also referred to as
MIMO.

• This method creates several layers, or “data pipes” in the

radio interface. The maximum number of layers that can be created
depends on the radio channel characteristics and the number of tx
and rx antennas.

• The maximum number of layers that the radio channel can support is equal
to the channel rank. High SINRs are required for MIMO operation and hence
operating area is usually near cell center.

• The maximum number of layers that effectively can be used is equal or less
than the minimum number of antenna elements at the tx or rx side or the
channel rank. The LTE specifications support up to four antennas at the tx
side and up to four antennas at the rx side.

• Multiple Antenna Ports => Multiple Time Frequency Grids

Each antenna port is identified by an associated Reference SIgnal

• The number of layers that actually is used for transmission

is referred to as the transmission rank.

• The data rate can at optimal circumstances be multiplied

by the number of layers.
 LTE Multi Antenna Transmission
• Following Multi-Antenna schemes have been specified by 3gpp;

– Transmit Diversity: 2 Transmit Antennas + 1 or 2 Receiving Antenna

– 2x2 MIMO: 2 Transmit Antennas + 2 Receive Antennas
– 4x4 MIMO: 4 Transmit Antennas + 4 Receive Antennas
 LTE Multi Antenna Transmission
• Transmit Diversity

– Transfers a single code word during each 1 msec subframe.

– Requires multiple antenna elements at the transmitter and one or more antenna elements at the receiver.

• 2x2 MIMO /Spatial Multiplexing

- Limited to using either 1 or 2 layers;

- Using 1 layer allows 1 codeword to be transmitted during each 1msec subframe and is applicable
when RF conditions are poor (or when eNB does not have much data to transfer)

- Using 2 layers allow 2 codewords to be transmitted during each 1 msec subframe and is applicable
when channel conditions are good. Transferring 2 codewords during each subframes allow peak throughputs to be
doubled.

• 4x4MIMO/Spatial Multiplexing

• Limited to using either 1 to 4 layers.

• Following variants of MIMO have been specified by 3gpp;

• Closed Loop Spatial Multiplexing

• Open Loop Spatial Multiplexing
• Multi-user MIMO
 MIMO Types in LTE
• Closed Loop Spatial Multiplexing

– 1 or 2 code words is transferred during 1msec subframe.

– Closed Loop relies on UE providing following feedback to eNB on PUCCH or PUSCH;

• Rank Indication (RI): Suggested number of layers

• Precoding Matrix Indicator (PMI): suggested set of precoding weights
• Channel Quality Indicator (CQI): Suggested Transport block/codeword size.

• Open Loop Spatial Multiplexing

– 2 codewords are transferred during 1 msec subframe.

– Open loop relies on UE providing the following feedback;

• Rank Indication (RI) : Count of suggested layers

• Channel Quality Indicator (CQI): Suggested transport block size.

– UE can be switched between transmit diversity and 2x2 open loop spatial multiplexing depending
upon coverage conditions;

• Transmit diversity can be used to transfer 1 codeword when coverage is poor.

• Open loop spatial multiplexing can be used to transfer two code words when coverage is good.
 Modes of MIMO in DL LTE
• Mode 1: Single Codeword on Single Antenna (SISO or SIMO)

• Mode 2: Transmit Diversity

• Mode used for Common, Control and Broadcast channels since robustness is required. Does not
improve peak data rate since this is “single layer transmission”.

• Mode 3: Open Loop Spatial Multiplexing

• One of the main modes of MIMO in LTE. Two codewords are transmitted over two or more
antennas. Much improved peak throughput as compared to Transmit diversity.

• Mode 4:Closed Loop Spatial Multiplexing:

• Similar to Mode 3, two codewords transmitted over two or more antennas. The difference is
Precoding Matrix Index (PMI) being sent by the UE in uplink. Assists the eNodeB in adjusting
the precoding weights. Expected to be the highest performing mode of MIMO in LTE.

• Mode 5: Multi-user MIMO:

• Each layer of MIMO is targeted for a single user, thus users are separated in space domain. May
be used in a loaded LTE network.

• Mode 6: Closed Loop Rank 1 with precoding:

• Single codeword transmitted over a single layer. This mode is associated with beamforming.

• Mode 7: Single Antenna port, Port 5:

• Single codeword is transmitted over a single spatial layer. A dedicated reference signal forms an
 Decision Matrix for Main LTE MIMO Modes

• MIMO performance depends upon number of factors, such as state of wireless channel (low vs high
scattering) /correlation of received signals at the received antennas, the SINR (SINR > 15 dB for better SM
performance) etc.

• For different MIMO techniques, the performance will depend on many factors and it is clear that there is
no single mode that universally provides superior performance in all usage scenarios. However, it is
possible for a subset of modes to be implemented and the system configured to intelligently switch among
them to optimize performance.
Link Adaptation in LTE
 Link Adaptation in LTE
• A high data rate requires a fast modulation scheme, a high coding rate and possibly the use spatial
multiplexing, all of which increase the receiver’s susceptibility to noise and interference.
 Coverage depends on SINR for Service

• A high data rate requires a fast modulation scheme, a high coding rate and possibly the use spatial
multiplexing, all of which increase the receiver’s susceptibility to noise and interference.
Coverage depends on MIMO Setting
Coverage depends on MIMO setting
Coverage depends on MIMO setting
Coverage depends on MIMO setting