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Class: Bsse Semester 5 Credit Hours (3)

This document discusses computer communication and networks. There are two broad categories of networks: local area networks (LANs) that span within a building, and wide area networks (WANs) that span globally. Metropolitan area networks (MANs) act as a middle ground between LANs and WANs. Serial transmission sends data as individual bits, while parallel transmission sends an entire character at once. Asynchronous transmission sends data in small pieces byte by byte, while synchronous transmission sends data in large blocks.

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35 views19 pages

Class: Bsse Semester 5 Credit Hours (3)

This document discusses computer communication and networks. There are two broad categories of networks: local area networks (LANs) that span within a building, and wide area networks (WANs) that span globally. Metropolitan area networks (MANs) act as a middle ground between LANs and WANs. Serial transmission sends data as individual bits, while parallel transmission sends an entire character at once. Asynchronous transmission sends data in small pieces byte by byte, while synchronous transmission sends data in large blocks.

Uploaded by

lovely person
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Computer Communication and Networks

AJAZ KHAN BAIG

Class : BSSE SEMESTER 5


Credit Hours ( 3)
INTRODUCTION
Serial and parallel Transmission
Asynchronous transmission
Synchronous transmission
Networking
 LAN, WAN, MAN, PAN

 Circuit switching, packet switching

 Frame Relay

 ATM

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Serial and parallel Transmission
Serial:
 Transmit data as individual bits
 One bit following other on transmission line

 Receiving device reassemble the bits back into the

characters
Parallel :
 Transmit an entire character at one time
 Different part of computer communicate using

parallel transmission.
 Example: printer attached to a computer

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Communication Networks
The method used to transport the data.
 Two types of data transmission, each requiring a
different modem.

 Asynchronous transmission -
 Information is sent byte by byte(in small pieces)
 Cheaper and more commonly used.

 Synchronous transmission -
 Data is sent in large blocks rather than in small pieces.
 Preceded by special information, concerning error detection and

block size.
 These modems are expensive but very fast.

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Communication Networks
Single channel versus multichannel transmission
 Channel - A path of a signal.

 Single channel - Capable of only sending/receiving one


signal at a time.

 Phone line: Single line = single phone call at a time.

 Multichannel - Capable of more than one channel at a


time.
 Fiber-optic cable, microwaves, Satellite transmissions.

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Communication Networks
How is it possible to measure the capacity of
communications links?
 Bandwidth: Digital
 Number of bits per second (bps) that can be sent over a link.
 The wider the bandwidth, the more diverse kinds of information

can be sent.
 Simplest is voice, most sophisticated is moving videos.

 Bandwidth: Analog
 The difference between the highest and lowest frequencies that
can be sent over an analog link (like phone lines).
 Measurement is given in hertz (Hz).

 For both: The wider the bandwidth, the more information can flow
over the channel.

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Networking
Growth of number & power of computers is motivating
need for interconnection
Also seeing rapid integration of voice, data, image & video
technologies
Two broad categories of communications networks:
 Local Area Network (LAN)
 Wide Area Network (WAN)

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Wide Area Networks
 Span a large geographical area
Two key components of a WAN are:
 Transmission lines (also called channels, circuits, etc.) that move
bits from one node to the other .
 Switching elements (also called packet switching nodes, routers
etc.) select outgoing transmission lines for data coming on
incoming lines.
 Alternative technologies used include:
 Circuit switching
 Packet switching
 Frame relay
 Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM)

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Circuit Switching

Uses a dedicated communications path


established for duration of conversation

Comprising a sequence of physical links


With a dedicated logical channel


e.g. telephone network


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Packet Switching

Data sent out of sequence


Small chunks (packets) of data at a time


Packets passed from node to node


between source and destination

Used for terminal to computer and


computer to computer communications

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Frame Relay
 Packet switching systems have large overheads to
compensate for errors
 Frames are variable in packet size

 Designed for cost-efficient data transmission

 Frame Relay does not provide link-to-link reliability

 Errors can be caught in end system

 Frame Relay provides higher speeds

 Data rates (physical layer) 25.6Mbps to 622.08Mbps

 With most error control overhead removed

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Asynchronous Transfer Mode
 ATM
 Evolution of frame relay
 Fixed packet (called cell) length
 Good for voice, image and video data as the delay is minimized
 ATM flow on each logical connection is in fixed sized packets called
cells
 With little overhead for error control
 Anything from 10Mbps to Gbps
 Constant data rate using packet switching technique with multiple
virtual circuits

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Local Area Networks
Mostly used to connect PCs, shared resources like printers, file servers
etc. in a building.
LANs are broadcast networks
Their size is limited:
 Maximum distance between two nodes.

 Number of nodes connected.

 Smaller scope
 Building or small campus
 Usually owned by same organization as attached devices
 Data rates much higher
 Switched LANs, e.g. Ethernet
 Wireless LANs

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Metropolitan Area Networks
 MAN
 Middle ground between LAN and WAN
 Private or public network
 High speed
 Large area

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Wireless networking

Advantages Disadvantages
Allows for wireless remote access Potential security issues associated with
wireless transmissions
Network can be expanded without Limited speed in comparison to other
disruption to current users network topologies

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Key Learning Points

Serial transmission
Parallel transmission
Synchronous transmission
Asynchronous transmission
Single channel vs multi channel
LAN , MAN, WAN
Circuit switching
Packet switching
ATM
Frame relay

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Summary
Serial:
 Transmit data as individual bits
Parallel :
 Transmit an entire character at one time
 ATM:
 Circuit switching technique .
 Fixed sized cells called frames

 Less overheads

 Frame Relay:
 variable size frames
 less overheads

 Asynchronous transmission -
 Information is sent byte by byte(in small pieces)

 Synchronous transmission -
 Data is sent in large blocks rather than in small pieces.

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SUMMARY
 Two broad categories of communications networks:
 Local Area Network (LAN) (spans within building)
 Wide Area Network (WAN)(ALL over the world)
 MAN (Middle ground between LAN and WAN)

Wireless networking

Advantages Disadvantages
Allows for wireless remote access Potential security issues associated with
wireless transmissions
Network can be expanded without Limited speed in comparison to other
disruption to current users network topologies

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Video link

http://playit.pk/watch?v=JvXro0dzJY8

19 08/25/20

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