PRESENTED BY

Er.T.RANGARAJAN,B.E,M.Sc(struct.engg),F.I.E,F
ACCE,LACI,LISSE,LIASE
 According to USA President Herbert Hoover, who was an
engineer before he became a politician, said:
 The great liability of the engineer …compared to men of other
professions……is that his works are out in the open where all
can see them.
 His acts …..step by step …are in hard substances.
 He cannot bury his mistakes in the grave like the DOCTORS.
 He cannot argue them into thin air…..or blame the judge…..like
the LAWYERS.
 He cannot, like the ARCHITECT, cover his figures with trees
and vines.
 He cannot, like the politicians, screen his shortcomings by
blaming his opponents….and hope the people will forget. The
ENGINEER simply cannot deny he did it.
 If his works do not work……he is damned.
 A design engineer’s responsibility should include
assuring the structural safety of the design,
details, checking shop drawing.
 Detailing is as important as design since proper
detailing of engineering designs is an essential
link in the planning and engineering process as
some of the most devasting collapses in history
have been caused by defective connections or
DETAILING. There are many examples explained
in the book" DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION
FAILURES by Dov Kaminetzky.
 Detailing is very important not only for the
proper execution of the structures but for the
safety of the structures.
 Detailing is necessary not only for the steel
structures but also for the RCC members as it is
the translation of all the mathematical
expression’s and equation’s results.
 GOOD DETAILING IS AS IMPORTANT AS
DESIGN AND PLANNING.
 For the RCC members for most commonly used for buildings we can
divide the detailing for
1. SLABS-WITH OR WITHOUT OPENINGS.(RECTANGULAR,CIRCULAR,NON-
RECTANGULAR-PYRAMID SLAB,TRIANGULAR ETC)
-BALCONY SLAB,LOFT SLAB,CORNER SLAB etc
2. BEAMS- WITH OR WITHOUT OPENIGS.(SHALLOW & DEEP BEAMS)
3. COLUMNS.(RECTANGULAR,L-SHAPE,T-SHAPE,
CIRCULAR,OCTAGONAL,CROSS SHAPE etc)

4. FOUNDATIONS.
 Detailing for gravity loads is different from the lateral loads specially for
the SEISMIC FORCES.
 Apart from the detailing for the above there is a different detailing
required for the Rehabilitation and strengthening of damaged structures.
 We will now dwell on the DETAILING OF MEMBERS FOR THE GRAVITY
AND SOME CODAL DETAILINGS AS PER IS CODE IS 13920 AND IS 4326
AS REQUIRED FOR SEISMIC FORCES.
 DO’S-GENERAL
1. Prepare drawings properly & accurately if possible label each bar and show
its shape for clarity.

12”

I ¼”dia@12”c/c

1- ¼”dia@12”c/c

Cross section of retaining wall which collapsed immediately after placing of soil
backfill because ¼” rather than 1-1/4” dia. were used. Error occurred because
Correct rebar dia. Was covered by a dimension line.
2. Prepare bar-bending schedule , if necessary.
3. Indicate proper cover-clear cover, nominal cover or
effective cover to reinforcement.
4. Decide detailed location of opening/hole and supply
adequate details for reinforcements around the
openings.
5. Use commonly available size of bars and spirals. For
a single structural member the number of different
sizes of bars shall be kept minimum.
6. The grade of the steel shall be clearly stated in the
drawing.
7. Deformed bars need not have hooks at their
ends.
8. Show enlarged details at corners, intersections of
walls, beams and column joint and at similar
situations.
9. Congestion of bars should be avoided at points where members
intersect and make certain that all rein. Can be properly placed.
10. In the case of bundled bars, lapped splice of bundled bars shall
be made by splicing one bar at a time; such individual splices
within the bundle shall be staggered.
11. Make sure that hooked and bent up bars can be placed and have
adequate concrete protection.
12. Indicate all expansion, construction and contraction joints on plans
and provide details for such joints.
13. The location of construction joints shall be at the point of minimum
shear approximately at mid or near the mid points. It shall be
formed vertically and not in a sloped manner.
DO’S – BEAMS & SLABS:
1. Where splices are provided in bars, they shall be , as far as
possible, away from the sections of maximum stresses and shall be
staggered.
2. Were the depth of beams exceeds 750mm in case of beams without
torsion and 450mm with torsion provide face rein. as per IS456-
2000.
3. Deflection in slabs/beams may be reduced by providing
compression reinforcement.
4. Only closed stirrups shall be used for transverse rein. For members
subjected to torsion and for members likely to be subjected to
reversal of stresses as in Seismic forces.
5. To accommodate bottom bars, it is good practice to make
secondary beams shallower than main beams, at least by 50mm.
Do’s –COLUMNS.
1. A reinforced column shall have at least six bars of longitudinal
reinforcement for using in transverse helical reinforcement.-for
CIRCULAR sections.
2. A min four bars one at each corner of the column in the case of
rectangular sections.
3. Keep outer dimensions of column constant, as far as possible ,
for reuse of forms.
4. Preferably avoid use of 2 grades of vertical bars in the same
element.
 DONOT’S-GENERAL:
1. Reinforcement shall not extend across an expansion joint and
the break between the sections shall be complete.
2. Flexural reinforcement preferably shall not be terminated in a
tension zone.
3. Bars larger than 36mm dia. Shall not be bundled.
4. Lap splices shall be not be used for bars larger than 36mm dia.
Except where welded.
5. Where dowels are provided, their diameter shall not exceed the
diameter of the column bars by more than 3mm.
6. Where bent up bars are provided, their contribution towards
shear resistance shall not be more than 50% of the total shear to
be resisted. USE OF SINGEL BENT UP BARS(CRANKED)
ARE NOT ALLOWED IN THE CASE OF EARTHQUAKE
RESISTANCE STRUCTURES.
 The building plan DX-3 shows the slabs
in different levels for the purpose of
eliminating the inflow of rainwater into
the room from the open terrace and also
the sunken slab for toilet in first floor.
 The building plan DX-A3 is one in which
the client asked the architect to provide
opening all round.

Refer the 3d
elevation
Different shapes of slabs used in the
buildings. 6”depression for OT &
9” for sunken slabs.

Portico slab in elevation

19’-6”

5’wide corridor all

round
9’-6”suare
Portico slab in plan opening

Portico and other rooms

roof slab in plan
 Minimum and max.reinforcement % in beams, slabs and columns
as per codal provisions should be followed.

 SLABS:
 It is better to provide a max spacing of 200mm(8”) for main bars
and 250mm(10”) in order to control the crack width and spacing.

 A min. of 0.24% shall be used for the roof slabs since it is

subjected to higher temperature. Variations than the floor slabs.
This is required to take care of temp. differences.

 It is advisable to not to use 6mm bars as main bars as this size

available in the local market is of inferior not only with respect to
size but also the quality since like TATA and SAIL are not
producing this size of bar.
 BEAMS:
 A min. of 0.2% is to be provided for the compression bars in order
to take care of the deflection.
 The stirrups shall be min.size of 8mm
in the case of lateral load resistance .
 The hooks shall be bent to 135 degree .
CANTILEVER BEAM

crack

INCORRECT

Ldt
CLOSE
STIRRUPS

Ldt/2

Ld/2 Ld/2
CORRECT

Ld
 NON PRISMATIC BEAM

crack

INCORRECT

Ldt
CLOSE
STIRRUPS

Ldt/2

Ld/2 Ld/2
CORRECT
Ld
GRID BEAM

INCORRECT

Close rings

1.5d 1.5d

300
300
d

2#extra bars Hanger bars

Slope 1:10 CORRECT
Details of Main & Secondary beams
Secondary beam

Main beam
INCORRECT

Secondary beam
Close rings

1.5d 1.5d

300
300
d
60degree

Hanger bars Main beam

CORRECT
 BEAM

1/4OR INCORRECT
1/5 SPAN

Ld
Ld
LINE OF CRACK

d/2
t
t
d/2

1.5d d/2+d/2Cot(t)
CORRECT
 continuous beam Span/4 Span/4

Span/4
Span/4 Span/4

incorrect

Span/4 Span/4

1.5d
1.5d 1.5d

correct
 CONTINUOUS BEAM
SPAN/4 SPAN/4 SPAN/4

.08L1 100% CRACK 100%

CRACK
CRACK
.08L1
L1 .08L2 L2

INCORRECT

100% L1/4 L2/4

L1/4 20%
20%

0.1L1 100% 100%

L1 .15L1 .15L2 L2

CORRECT
NONPRISMATIC
SECTION OF BEAM

CRACK
D

D
D
INCORRECT

CLOSE RING

D
CORRECT
D
CLOSE RING
CANTILEVER BEAM PROJECTING
FROM COLUMN

COLUMN
INCORRECT
NOT LESS
THAN 0.5Ast NOT LESS THAN GREATER OF 0.5L OR Ld
50mm

Ld

0.25Ast
COLUMN
CORRECT Ld/3
SLOPING BEAM

CRACK

Ld

Ld

CORRECT
 HAUNCH BEAMS

CRACK CRACK

INCORRECT

Ld Ld

CORRECT
Ld L/8 TO Ld
L/10 L/8 TO
L L/10
STRESSES AT CORNERS C-COMPRESSION
T-TENSION

C
t

C CRACK
t
RESULTANT TENSILE STRESS FOR
ACROSS CORNER(ONE PLANE)

RESULTANT TENSILE STRESS FOR

t ACROSS CORNER(DIFFERENT PLANE)

CRACK
c
t

c
 SHEAR AND TORSION REIN. IN
BEAMS Stirrups taken round outermost
bars spacing<=x1
<=(x1+y1)/4
<=300mm
Min 0.2%bd to control deflection as
well as for seismic requ.
INCORRECT

d y1

Skin rein.10dia is D
required when depth 100 to
D-n>500mm
exceeds 450mm(0.1% 200mm

of web area distributed

equally on two faces) D/5

x1 CORRECT

b
 CANTILEVER BEAM WITH
POINT LOAD

Shear rein.

INCORRECT

2/3d
d Ld

CORRECT
Ld
Extra ties
 INCORRECT
opening

crack crack

OPENING IN WEB OF BEAM

d/2 opening d/2

Closed stps
Closed stps
for d/2
for d/2
Ld

OPENING IN WEB OF BEAM

CORRECT
 BEAM COLUMN JUNCTION-EXTERIOR COLUMN

INCORRECT

2”max
CLOSED STPS
U TYPE BARS

Ld

IN TENSION-Ld

CORRECT
 SPLICE DETAIL FOR COLUMN

COVER

CLOSE
TIES @S/2 SLOPE 1:6

S-SPACING

CORRECT
INCORRECT
REDUCTION
COLUMN BOTH
SIDES

INCORRECT

SPLICE
SLOPE 1:8 FROM
BEAM BOTTOM 3NO.CLOSE TIES

CLOSE STPS SPACIN

<=75mm
3NO.CLOSE TIES

CORRECT
TERMINATION OF COLUMN BARS INSIDE BEAM

INCORRECT

Ld

CORRECT
 *COL.CORE HAS TO
BE CONFINED BY
EQ REGION-BEAM-COL JN-EXTERIOR CIRCULAR OR
RECTANGULAR TIES
IN ACCORDANCE
WITH END REGION

SPACING OF
LATERAL
TIES <=d/2

COL.
END REGION
CORE*

SPACING OF
LATERAL
TIES
<=100mm

BEAM COL. JUNCTION-EQ END REGION

REGION

INCORRECT CORRECT
SPACING OF
LATERAL
TIES <=d/2 BEAM COL. JUNCTION-EQ
REGION
 COLUMN DETAILS IN EQ REGIONS

incorrect
First stirrups correct
50mm from beam
face
END
REGION END REGION-h/6 or D or
450MM whichever is
greater

h
b d

END
REGION END
REGION

Spacing of shear rein. In

columns Spacing of shear rein. In
columns
 EQ-REGION-CONTINUOUS BEAM

INCORRECT

50mmmax
CONTINUOUS BARS NOT LESS THAN ¼
AREA OF BARS AT COL.FACE CORRECT

A=L1/3 A=L1/3 A=L1/3

Ld

stp@maxd/2 stp@maxd/2
2d 2d
2d Stirrup spacing=d/4 or
100mm or 8dia which
ever is the least
 FOOTING-DETAILS(INDEPENDENT)

INCORRECT COLUMN
BARS

STARTER
NATURAL
BARS
G.L

COVER TO
STARTER

Lb
3” SIDE COVER
Ldt
Min.300

Ldt COVER50mm
IF p.c.c below
CORRECT or 75mm
 TYPICAL REIN DETAILS OF
INCORRECT HAMMER FOUNDATION BLOCK

CORRECT

Ld

Ld
SECTION OF TRENCH
INCORRECT

CRACK

CORRECT
Ld

Ld
Ld
STAIRCASE-WITH WAIST SLAB

INCORRECT

Extra bar
Ld(min)

Ld(min)

Ld(min)

CORRECT
 SLABLESS STAIRCASE

Dist.

Alternate 1
Main bar

Main bar
 SLABLESS STAIRCASE

Main bar

L=horizontal span

Alternate 2
A=0.25L
DEVELOPMENT LENGTH OF BARS
FOR A CONCRETE GRADE M20 &STEEL STRENGTH Fy=415

SLNO BAR TENSION COMPRESSION REMARKS

DIA. mm
1 8 376.0 301.0

2 10 470.0 376.0

3 12 564.0 451.0

4 16 752.0 602.0

5 20 940.0 752.0

6 22 1034.0 827.0

7 25 1175.0 940.0

8 28 1316.0 1053.0

9 32 1504.0 1203.0

APPROXIMATELY USE 50Xdia FOR TENSION

 CONCLUSION:
 Before concluding I will show some more details drawn in
autocad exported in wwf format
 As there is no time to elaborately explaining ,the following topics are not covered :
1. Flat slabs, Folded plates, shell structures-cylindrical shells, silos,
2. Staircases- helical staircase, central beam type, cantilever type etc.
3. Different types of foundations-raft, pile foundation, strap foundation etc.
4. Retaining wall structures,
5. Liquid retaining structures.
6. Deep beams.
7. Shear wall, walls.
Hope that I have enlighten some of the detailing technique for the most
commonly encountered RCC members in buildings.
In the above statements if my senior colleagues and ACCE members can find
different method or any new detailing system it will be of immense help not only for
me but to other young engineers who should learn in wright ways and not wrong
lessons.
1. HANDBOOK ON CONCRETE REINFORCEMENT AND
DETAILING-SP:34(S&T)-1987.
2. MANUAL OF ENGINEERING & PLACING DRAWINGS
FOR REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES-
(ACI 315-80
3. MANUAL OF STANDARD PRACTICE –CONCRETE
REINFORCING STEEL INSTITUTE.
4. TWARD BOARD MANUAL FOR RURAL WATER SUPPLY
SCHEMES.
5. DESIGN PRINCIPLES AND DETAILING OF CONCRETE
STRUCTURES. By D.S.PRAKASH RAO.
6. SIMPLIFIED DESIGN-RC BUILDINGS OF MODERATE
SIZE AND HEIGHT-BY PORTLAND CEMENT
ASSOCIATION,USA.
7. DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION FAILURES BY DOV
KAMINETZKY.
8. IS:2502-1963 CODE OF PRACTICE FOR BENDING AND
FIXING OF BARS FOR CONCRETE REINFORCEMENT.
9. IS:1893:2000.
10. IS:4326.
11. IS:456:2000
12. REINFORCED HAND BOOK BY REYNOLD.
 Thickness:
• Thickness of any part of the wall not be less than 150mm
• In case of coupled shear walls the thickness shall be at least 200mm
 Effective width of a flanged wall:
• Distance from face of web & shall be smaller of
 Half the distance to an adjacent shear wall web
 1/10th of the wall height

Flange Width
 Reinforcement:
• Minimum reinforcement:
• 0.25% of the gross area in longitudinal & transverse direction
• It shall be provided in two curtains, if
• Shear stress > 0.25 √fck
• Wall thickness > 200mm
 Diameter:

• Shall not exceed 1/10th of thickness of wall

 Maximum Spacing:

 Lw/5 or
 3 tw or
 450mm whichever is less

Where,
Lw =Horizontal length of wall
tw =Thickness of wall web
 Reinforcement detail:
• Vertical reinforcement
 Shall not be < 0.8%
 Shall not be > 6%
 Practical upper limit = 4%

 Anchorage:
• Anchor near the edges (or)
• Anchor in the confine core of boundary element

 Splicing:
• Should be avoided as far as possible in yielding zone
 Lateral Ties:

• Dia of tie shall not be less than

 1/4th of the spliced bar (or)

 <6mm

 Spacing:
• Shall not exceed 150mm c/c
 Seismic inertia forces are transferred through various beams and columns to the ground.
 Correct building components need to be made ductile.
 Failure of beam causes localized effect.
 Failure of column causes instability of whole building.
 Beams are made ductile weak links than columns.
 Based on the performance of RCC structures
designed as per IS 4326:1976
• Deficiencies in IS 4326 are identified
• Corrected in IS 13920

 Detailing of beams and columns

• With adequate toughness and ductility
• Thereby allowing extensive inelastic deformation and dissipation of seismic energy in
stable manner.

 Seismic Design and Detailing of RCC shear walls.

Note
• IS 4326:1976 – Code of practice for earthquake resistant design and construction of
buildings.
 Provide adequate toughness and ductility to RCC buildings
• To resist severe earthquake shocks without collapse.

 Applicable to all RCC structures located in

• Zone III
• Zone IV
• Zone V

 Provisions are applicable to monolithic RCC construction.

 Applicable to Precast and/or prestressed concrete members

only if,
• Same level of ductiliy as that for monolithic RCC construction is required .
 Longitudinal reinforcement (Cl.6.2)
• At least two bars on both top and bottom reinforcement.

 Tension steel ratio

• Not less than
 min  0.24 f ck / f y
• Not more than
 max  0.025
Remark
Min. dia. of top and bottom reinforcement = 12mm (DR.Cl.C6.2.1)
 Longitudinal reinforcement (Cl.6.2)
• At least two bars on both top and bottom reinforcement.

 Tension steel ratio

• Not less than
 min  0.24 f ck / f y
• Not more than
 max  0.025
Remark
Min. dia. of top and bottom reinforcement = 12mm (DR.Cl.C6.2.1)
 fck fy IS 456:2000 IS 13920:1993
N/mm2 N/mm2 Min. reinforcement (%) Max. reinforcement (%) Min. reinforcement (%) Max. reinforcement (%)
20 415 0.20 4 0.26 2.5
25 415 0.20 4 0.29 2.5
30 415 0.20 4 0.32 2.5
40 415 0.20 4 0.37 2.5
20 500 0.17 4 0.21 2.5
25 500 0.17 4 0.24 2.5
30 500 0.17 4 0.26 2.5
40 500 0.17 4 0.30 2.5
 Positive steel at a joint face, (Cl.6.2.3)
• At least equal to half the negative steel at that face.

 Steel provided at each of the top and bottom face

of the member, (Cl.6.2.4)
• At least equal to one-fourth of max. negative moment steel provided at the face of either
Ast1 Asc3 Ast2
joint. Column Column

Beam

Asc1 Ast3 Asc2

Cl.6.2.3 : Cl. 6.2.4 :

Asc 1 ≥ Ast1 / 2 Asc 1

Asc 2 ≥ Ast2 / 2 Asc 2

≥ Max. of (Ast1 and Ast2) / 4
Asc 3

Ast3
 Top and bottom bars of beam (in an external
joint) – Cl.6.2.5

• Shall be provided with anchorage length

beyond the inner face of column.

• Anchorage length = development length in

tension + 10 times bar dia.
– the allowance for 90 degree bend.

 In an internal joint, both face bars of the beam

shall be taken continuously through the column.
 The longitudinal bars shall be spliced, -Cl.6.2.6
• Only if hoops are provided over entire splice length.
• Spacing of hoops not exceeding 150 mm.
 Lap length
• Not less than the bar development length in tension.

 Lap splices shall not be provided,

• Within a joint.
• Within a distance of ‘2d’ from joint face.
• Within a quarter length of the member where flexural yielding possible due to earthquake
forces.
 Welded splices and mechanical connections may
also be made as per IS 456 : 2000

 Not more than half the reinforcement shall be

spliced at a section.
 Lack of anchorage of beam and  Pull out of straight, unanchored

column reinforcement. smooth bars in column to

Insufficient splice length. beam

Use of 900 hooks. connection.

Poor concrete quality.

 Web reinforcement (Cl.6.3)
• A vertical hoop (closed stirrup)
• Having 1350 hook with a 10 times dia. extension (but not < 75mm).

 Web reinforcement (in compelling circumstances)

• Two pieces of reinforcement
 U-stirrup with 1350 hook and 10 times dia. as extension (but not < 75mm).
 Crosstie (a bar) having 1350 hook and 10 times dia. as extension (but not < 75mm) at
each end.
 Remark (DR.Cl.C.6.3)
• Large value of extension (i.e. 10 times dia but not < 75 mm) leads to construction
difficulties.

• ACI 318 changed 10 dia. extension to 6 dia. extension.

• Construction problem in placing crossties with 135 0 hook at both ends.

• Crossties with 900 hook at one end and 1350 hook at other end will be sufficient.
Shear Design by Va Vb Stirrups Spacing of stirrups required Spacing specified Spacing provided
Max. Spacing Min. Spacing
IS 456 (from analysis) 222 kN 219 kN 2L- 8 mm 0.87 fy Asv d Not more than Not less than 220 mm
Sv = = 220 mm
Vus 0.75d = 414 mm -
300 mm
IS 13920 (from analysis) 222 kN 219 kN 2L- 8 mm 0.87 fy Asv d Not more than Not less than 135 mm
Sv = = 220 mm
' Vu' Calculation not Vus d / 4 = 138 mm 100 mm
Considered 8 db = 200 mm
IS 13920 329 kN 353 kN 2L- 8 mm 0.87 fy Asv d Not more than Not less than 100 mm
Sv = = 101 mm
' Vu' Calculation Vus d / 4 = 138 mm 100 mm
Considered 8 db = 200 mm
 The spacing of hoops over a length of ‘2d’ at either
end of beam shall not exceed
• d/4
• 8 times the dia. Of smallest longitudinal bar, but not less than 100mm.

 First hoop
• At a distance not exceeding 50mm from the joint face.

 The spacing of hoops over the remaining length

(beyond ‘2d’ from either end of beam)
• Shall not exceed d/2.
 General (Cl.7.1)
• Provisions applicable to frame members,
 having factored axial stress in excess of 0.1fck.
 under the effect of earthquake forces.

• Min. dimension of column not less than 200mm.

• Min. dimension of column not less than 300mm, only if

 c/c of beam span exceeds 5m (or)
 Unsupported length of column exceeds 4m.

• The ratio of shortest cross sectional dimension to the perpendicular dimension shall not be
less than 0.4
 Remarks (DR.Cl.C.7.1.2)
• Problems in columns having small width,

 Moment capacity of column is very low (small

lever arm)

 Beam bars do not get enough anchorage into

the column.

 Min. dimension of column = 200mm is not

sufficient.

• Recommended min. dimension of column,

not less than

 15 times largest beam bar diameter

 300mm
 Splicing
• Provided only in the central half of the member length.
• Proportioned as a tension splice.
• Hoops provided over the entire splice length at spacing not exceeding 150mm c/c.
• Not more than 50 % of bars shall be spliced at one section.

 Column with more than 100mm projection

beyond core.

• If projected area’s strength considered

 Min. longitudinal and transverse reinforcement as per IS 13920:1993

• If projected area’s strength not considered

 Min. longitudinal and transverse reinforcement as per IS 456:2000
 Transverse reinforcement (Cl.7.3)
• Circular columns : Spiral or circular hoops

• Rectangular columns : Rectangular hoops

 Rectangular hoops

• Closed stirrup having 1350 hook with a 10 times dia. extension (but not < 75mm).
 Spacing between parallel legs <300mm
• Parallel legs of rectangular hoops shall be provided.

 Spacing between parallel legs > 300mm

• Cross tie shall be provided.
• Alternatively, a pair of overlapping hoops may be provided within the column.
 Spacing of hoops (Cl.7.3.3)
• Shall not exceed half the least lateral dimension of the
column
• Exception if special confining reinforcement as per Cl.7.4

 Design shear force of columns

(Cl.7.3.4)
• Shall be the max. of
 Calculated factored shear force as per analysis
and
 Factored shear force given by
 M ubL,lim  M ubR 
Vu  1.4  , lim

 hst 
 Special confining reinforcement (Cl.7.4)
• Larger amount of transverse reinforcement required
from shear strength considerations.

• Shall be provided
i. Over a length ‘l0’ from each joint face, towards
mid span.

ii. On either side of section, where flexural yielding

may occur.

• Length ‘l0’ shall not be less than

i. Larger lateral dimension of the member at the
section where yielding occurs.

ii. 1/6 of clear span of the member.

iii. 450mm.
 When column terminates into a footing or mat
(Cl.7.4.2)
• Special confining reinforcement shall extend at least 300mm into the footing or mat.

 When the calculated point of contra flexure is not

within the middle half of the member clear height,
• Special confining reinforcement shall be provided over the full height of the column.
 When column supports
reactions from discontinued
stiff members, such as walls
(Cl.7.4.4)
• Special confining reinforcement shall be
provided over their full height.

• This reinforcement shall be provided above the

discontinuity for a length = development length
of largest longitudinal bar.

 When column is supported

on a wall
• Special confining reinforcement shall be
provided over the full height of the column.

• This reinforcement shall be provided above the

discontinuity for a length = development length
of largest longitudinal bar.
 When column has significant
variation in stiffness along its
height, (Cl.7.4.5)
• Special confining reinforcement shall be provided
over the full height of the column.

 Causes for variation in

stiffness along column
height,
• Presence of bracing, a mezzanine floor or a RCC
wall on either side of column that extends only
over a part of column height.
Stiffness variation along column
height
 Spacing of hoops (for special confining
reinforcement)
• Shall not exceed ¼ of min. member dimension
• Need not be less than 75mm nor more than 100mm.
 Area of cross-section ‘Ash’ of hoops (for special
confining reinforcement) f ck  Ag 
• For circular or spiral hoops Ash  0.09 SDk   1.0
 Shall not be less than f y  Ak 

• For rectangular hoops f ck  Ag 

 Shall not be less than Ash  0.18Sh   1.0
f y  Ak 
Where
Ash = area of bar cross section
S = spacing of hoops
Dk = dia. of core measured to outside of the spiral or hoop.
h = longer dimension of rectangular hoop measured to its outer face.
(h shall not exceed 300mm)
fck = characteristic compressive strength of concrete cube.
fy = yield stress of steel.
Ag = gross area of column cross-section
Ak = area of confined concrete core in rectangular / spiral hoop
measured to its outside dimensions.
 Special confining reinforcement at joints (Cl.8.1)
• Same as that provided for end of a column.

• Exception if confinement at end of column is provided as per Cl. 8.2

 For a joint having, (Cl.8.2)

• beams framing into all vertical faces, and
• each beam width is at least ¾ of column width

 Half the special confining reinforcement shall be provided at the end of the column.

 Spacing of hoops shall not exceed 150mm.

Improper anchorage of Non-ductile column
transverse reinforcement