Computer Security and Safety,

Ethics, and Privacy

Computer Security Risks
Today, people rely on computers to create,
store, and manage critical information.
It is crucial to take measures to protect
their computers and data from loss,
damage, and misuse.
A computer security risk is any event or
action that could cause a loss of or damage
to computer hardware, software, data,
information, or processing capability.
Computer Security Risks
While some breaches are accidental,
many are intentional.
Some intruders do no damage, and merely
access data.
Others may leave messages or alter or
damage data.
An intentional breach of computer
security often involves a deliberate act
that is against the law.
Computer Security Risks
Any illegal act involving a computer is
referred to as a computer crime.
The term cybercrime refers to online or
Internet-based illegal acts.
Software used by cybercriminals
sometimes is called crimeware.
Perpetrators of cybercrime fall into seven
basic categories: hacker, cracker, script
kiddie, corporate spy, unethical employee,
cyberextortionist, and cyberterrorist.
Computer Security Risks
◦ The term hacker, although original a
complimentary word for a computer enthusiast,
now has a derogatory meaning and refers to
someone who accesses a computer or network
illegally.
◦ A cracker also is someone who accesses a
computer or network illegally but has the intent of
destroying data, stealing information, or other
malicious actions.
◦ A script kiddie has the same intent as a cracker
but does not have the technical skills and
knowledge, using prewritten code to break into
computers.
Computer Security Risks
◦ Some corporate spies have excellent computer
and networking skills and are hired to break
into a specific computer or identify risks in
their own organization.
◦ Unethical employees may break into their
employers’ computers for a variety of reasons
(exploit security, financial gains, etc.)
Computer Security Risks
◦ A cyberextortionist is someone who uses e-
mail as a vehicle for extortion, threatening
others for personal gain.
◦ A cyberterrorist is someone who uses the
Internet or network to destroy or damage
computers for personal reasons.
 The term cyberwarfare describes an attack whose
goal ranges from disabling a government’s
computer network to crippling a country.
Internet and Network Attacks
Information transmitted over networks
has a higher degree of security risk than
information kept on an organization’s
premises.
To determine if your computer is
vulnerable to an Internet or network
attack, you could use an online security
service, which is a Web site that evaluates
your computer to check for Internet and e-
mail vulnerabilities.
Internet and Network Attacks
Companies and individuals requiring
assistance or information about Internet
security braches can contact or visit the
Web site for the Computer Emergency
Response Team Coordination Center, or
CERT/CC, which is a federally funded
Internet security research and
development center.
Computer Viruses, Worms, Trojan
Horses, and Rootkits
A computer virus is a potentially
damaging computer program that affects,
or infects, a computer negatively by
altering the way the computer works
without the user’s knowledge.
A worm is a program that copies itself
repeatedly, in memory or on a network,
using up resources and shutting down the
computer or network.
Computer Viruses, Worms, Trojan
Horses, and Rootkits
A Trojan horse (named after the Greek
myth) is a program that hides within or
looks like a legitimate program and causes
a condition or action when triggered.
A rootkit is a program that hides in a
computer and allows someone from a
remote location to take full control of the
computer.
◦ Execute programs, change settings, etc.
Computer Viruses, Worms, Trojan
Horses, and Rootkits
Computer viruses, worms, Trojan horses,
and rootkits are all classified as malware
(malicious software), which are programs
that act without a user’s knowledge and
deliberately alter the computer’s
operations.
The payload is the destructive event or
prank the program is intended to deliver.
Computer Viruses, Worms, Trojan
Horses, and Rootkits
Infected computers can suffer from one or
more of the following symptoms:
◦ OS running slower
◦ Less available memory
◦ Corrupted files
◦ Unusual messages or images
◦ Unusual sounds playing
◦ Existing programs and files disappear
◦ Programs or files not working properly
◦ Unusual programs or files appear
◦ OS does not start up or unexpectedly shuts down
Computer Viruses, Worms, Trojan
Horses, and Rootkits
Malware delivers its payload on a
computer when a user
◦ Opens an infected file
◦ Runs an infected program
◦ Boots the computer with infected removable
media inserted
◦ Connects to an unprotected computer or
network
◦ When a certain condition or event occurs, such
as the clock changing to a specific date
Safeguards against Computer
Viruses and Other Malware
Methods that guarantee a computer or
network is safe from computer viruses and
other malware simply do not exist.
Do not start a computer with removable
media inserted in the drives.
◦ If you must start the computer with removable
media, be certain it is from a trusted source,
which is an organization or person you believe
will not send a virus.
Never open an e-mail attachment unless you
are expecting the attachment and it is from a
trusted source.
Safeguards against Computer
Viruses and Other Malware
Some viruses are hidden in macros,
which are instructions saved in software
such as a word processing or spreadsheet
program.
Users should install an antivirus program
and update it frequently.
An antivirus program protects a
computer against viruses by identifying
and removing any computer virus found
in memory, storage, or incoming files.
Safeguards against Computer
Viruses and Other Malware
An antivirus program scans for programs
that attempt to modify the boot program,
the operating system, and other programs
that normally are read from but not
modified.
One technique used to identify a virus is
to look for virus signatures, also called
virus definitions, which are a known
specific pattern of virus code.
Safeguards against Computer
Viruses and Other Malware
Another technique that antivirus programs
use to detect viruses is to inoculate
existing program files.
To inoculate a program file, the antivirus
program records information such as the
file size and creation date in a separate
inoculation file, thus enabling it to tell if a
file has been tampered with.
Safeguards against Computer
Viruses and Other Malware
If an antivirus program identifies an
infected file, it attempts to remove the
malware.
If it cannot remove the infected file, it
will attempt to quarantine it.
A quarantine is a separate area of a hard
disk that holds infected files until the
infection can be removed, ensuring other
files will not become infected.
Safeguards against Computer
Viruses and Other Malware
In extreme cases, you may need to reformat
the hard disk to remove malware from an
infected computer.
Stay informed about new virus alerts and
virus hoaxes.
A virus hoax is an e-mail message that
warns users of a nonexistent virus or other
malware.
◦ They come in the form of chain mail and inform
users to delete an important system file claiming it
is malware.
Botnets
A botnet is a group of compromised computers
connected to a network such as the Internet that
are used as part of a network that attacks other
networks.
A compromised computer, known as a zombie, is
one whose owner is unaware the computer is
being controlled remotely by an outsider.
A bot is a program that performs a repetitive task
on a network.
Cybercriminals install malicious bots on
unprotected computers to create a botnet, also
called a zombie army.
Denial of Service Attacks
A denial of service attack, or DoS attack,
is an assault whose purpose is to disrupt
computer access to an Internet service such
as the Web or e-mail.
This is done by flooding a victim computer
with confusing data messages, thus making it
unresponsive.
A DDoS (distributed DoS) attack, is more
devastating, in which a zombie army is used
to attack computers or computer networks.
Back Doors
A back door is a program or set of
instructions in a program that allow users
to bypass security controls when
accessing a program, computer, or
network.
Some malware will install a back door
once it infects the victim computer.
Spoofing
Spoofing is a technique intruders use to
make their network or Internet transmission
appear legitimate to a victim computer or
network.
E-mail spoofing occurs when the sender’s
address or other components of the e-mail
header are altered so that it appears the e-
mail originated from a different sender.
IP spoofing occurs when an intruder
computer fools a network into believing its
IP address is associated with a trusted source.
Safeguards against Botnets, DoS/DDoS
Attacks, Back Doors, and Spoofing
Some of the latest antivirus programs
include provisions to protect a computer
form DoS and DDoS attacks.
Users can also implement firewall
solutions, install intrusion detection
software, and set up honeypots.
Firewalls
A firewall is a hardware and/or software that
protects a network’s resources from intrusion
by users on another network such as the
Internet.
A proxy server is a server outside the
organization’s network that controls which
communications pass into the organization’s
network.
A personal firewall is a utility program that
detects and protects a personal computer and
its data from unauthorized intrusions.
Intrusion Detection Software
Intrusion detection software
automatically analyzes all network traffic,
assesses system vulnerabilities, identifies
any unauthorized intrustions, and notifies
network admins.
Honeypots
A honeypot is a vulnerable computer that
is set up to entice an intruder to break into
it.
They appear real to the intruder but are
separated from the organization’s
network.
They are used to learn how intruders are
exploiting their network.
Unauthorized Access and Use
Unauthorized access is the use of a
computer or network without permission.
Unauthorized use is the use of a computer
or its data for unapproved or possibly illegal
activities.
At a minimum, organizations should have a
written acceptable use policy (AUP) that
outlines the computer activities for which the
computer and network may and may not be
used.
Identifying and Authenticating
Users
An access control is a security measure
that defines who can access a computer,
when, and what actions they can take.
The computer should maintain an audit
trail that records in a file both successful
and unsuccessful access attempts.
Identification verifies that an individual is
a valid user.
Authentication verifies that the individual
is the person he or she claims to be.
User Names and Passwords
A user name, or user ID, is a unique combination of
characters (letters, numbers) that identifies a specific
user.
 A password is a private combination of characters
associated with the user name that allows access to
certain computer resources.
 A CAPTCHA, which stands for Completely
Automated Public Turing test to tell Computers and
Humans Apart, is a program developed at CMU to
verify that user input is not computer generated.
 A passphrase is a private combination of words, often
containing mixed capitalization and punctuation,
associated with a user name, to be used in place of a
password.
Possessed Objects
A possessed object is any item that you
must carry to gain access to a computer or
computer facility (badges, cards, keys).
A personal identification number (PIN)
is a numeric password, either assigned by
a company or selected by a user.
Biometric Devices
A biometric device authenticates a person’s
identity by translating a personal
characteristic, such as a fingerprint, into digital
code that is compared with a digital code
stored in the computer verifying a physical or
behavioral characteristic.
◦ Ex. Biometric payment is used, where a customer’s
fingerprint is read and their account is charged.
Biometric devices have disadvantages.
◦ Ex. Cut finger for fingerprint readers.
Digital Forensics
Digital forensics, also called computer
forensics, network forensics, or
cyberforensics, is the discovery,
collection, and analysis of evidence found
on computers and networks.
Hardware Theft and Vandalism
Hardware theft is the act of stealing
computer equipment.
Hardware vandalism is the act of
defacing or destroying computer
equipment.
Safeguards against Hardware Theft
and Vandalism
Some labs attach physical security
devices such as cables that lock the
equipment to a desk.
Some businesses use real time location
system (RTLS) to track and identify the
location of high-risk or high-value items.
Mobile devices require extra security,
such as logon passwords, encrypted data,
and even software to photograph the theif.
Software Theft
Software theft occurs when someone
steals software media, intentionally erases
programs, illegally copies a program, or
illegally registers and/or activates a
program.
Software piracy is the unauthorized and
illegal duplication of copyrighted software.
Illegally obtaining registration numbers can
be done with keygens, short for key
generators.
Safeguards against Software Theft
All owned software media should be stored
securely.
A license agreement is the right to use the
software: you do not own it, you have the
right to use it.
A single-user license agreement, also called
a end-user license agreement (EULA) is the
most common license.
◦ Install on one computer, make one backup copy,
sell it if it is removed from the computer it is on.
Safeguards against Software Theft
During product activation, which is
conducted either online or by telephone,
users provide the software product’s
identification number to receive an
installation identification number unique
to the computer on which the software is
installed.
Information Theft
Information theft occurs when someone
steals personal or confidential
information.
It has potential of causing more damage
than hardware or software theft.
Information transmitted over networks
offers a higher degree of risk.
Safeguards against Information
Theft
Most organizations attempt to prevent
information theft by implementing the
user identification and authentication
controls discussed earlier.
Encryption
Encryption is a process of converting
readable data into unreadable characters
to prevent unauthorized access.
It is treated like any other data (it can be
stored, sent, etc.)
To read the data, the recipient must
decrypt, or decipher, it into a readable
form.
Encryption
The unencrypted, readable data is called
plaintext.
The encrypted (scrambled) data is called
ciphertext.
An encryption algorithm, or cypher, is a
set of steps that can convert readable
plaintext into unreadable ciphertext.
Encryption
An encryption key is a set of characters that the
originator of the data uses to encrypt the plaintext
and the recipient of the data uses to decrypt the
ciphertext.
With private key encryption, also called
symmetric key encryption, both the originator and
the recipient use the same secret key to encrypt
and decrypt the data.
Public key encryption, also called asymmetric key
encryption, uses two encryption keys, a public
and a private.
◦ A message generated with a public key can be
decrypted only with the private key.
Encryption
Some operating systems and e-mail programs
allow you to encrypt the contents of files.
Programs such as pretty Good Privacy (PGP) can
be used as well.
A digital signature is an encrypted code that a
person, Web site, or organization attaches to an
electronic message to verify the identity of the
message sender.
It consists of the user’s name and a hash of all or
part of the message, which is a mathematical
formula that generates a code from the contents of
the message.
Encryption
Many Web browsers offer 40-bit, 128-bit,
and even 1024-bit encryption, which are
even higher levels of protection since they
have longer keys.
A Web site that uses encryption
techniques is known as a secure site,
which use digital certificates along with a
security protocol.
Digital Certificates
A digital certificate is a notice that
guarantees a user or a Web site is
legitimate.
A certificate authority (CA) is an
authorized person or company that issues
and verifies digital certificates.
Transport Layer Security
Transport Layer Security (TLS) a
successor to Secure Sockets Layer (SSL),
provides encryption of all data that passes
between a client and an Internet server.
Both ends require a certificate and
prevents perpetrators from accessing or
tampering with communications
TLS protected websites typically begin
with https, instead of http.
Transport Layer Security
Secure HTTP
Secure HTTP (S-HTTP) allows users to
choose an encryption scheme for data that
passes between a client and server.
It is more difficult than TLS to use, but it
is also more secure.
VPN
When a mobile user connects to a main
office using a standard Internet connection,
a virtual private network (VPN) provides
the mobile user with a secure connection to
the company network server, as if the user
has a private line.
They help ensure that data is safe from
being intercepted by unauthorized people
by encrypting.