Building Services 3

(Demand vs Distribution and Norms in electricity layout)

05/09/2019
Srijani Hazra
Assistant Professor, SSAA, AU
Agenda
1. Demand Generation and Distribution
• Where does the energy go
• Power Transmission and Distribution
• Cost of Electricity

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2. Norms and Standards for Electricity Layouts
• The electricity act 2003, Ministry of law and Justice
• National Building Code 2016
• Central Electricity Authority Regulations, 2010
3. Green Building Norms for Electricity
• Energy conservation of building code 2016, BEE
• Application GRIHA, LEED
1.1 Where does the energy go
1. Of the total consumption of electricity in 2017-18, industry sector accounted for the largest
share, followed by domestic, agriculture and commercial sectors
2. Loss of electricity due to transmission has decreased from 25.47% during 2008-09 to 21.15%
during 2017-18

Source: Energy Statistics 2019, Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government Of India
1.1 Where does the energy go

Source: Energy Statistics 2019, Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government Of India
1.1 Where does the energy go
Residential Commercial
1.2 Power Transmission and
Distribution
1. An electric power system or electric grid is known as a large network of power generating
plants which connected to the consumer loads.

2. First convert some form of energy into mechanical form of energy and then converting it into
electrical form of energy using generator. Generators produce two type of power AC and DC.

3. The lines network between Generating Station (Power Station) and consumer of electric
power can be divided into two parts.
• Transmission System
• Distribution System
1.2 Power Transmission and
Distribution
1. The main objective of an electric power system is to
• obtain electrical energy and
• make it reachable safely to the load point where it is being used in usable form.

2. This is done in five stages namely

• Generating Station
• Primary Transmission
• Secondary Transmission
• Primary Distribution
• Secondary Distribution
1.2 Power Transmission and
Distribution
1.2 Power Transmission and
Distribution
GENERATION OR GENERATING STATION
• The ordinary power plant capacity and generating voltage may be 11kV, 11.5 kV 12kV or
13kV. But economically, it is good to step up the produced voltage from (11kV, 11.5kV Or 12
kV) to 132kV, 220kV or 500kV or more by Step up transformer

• It generates power at different voltage and power levels depending upon the type of station
and the generators used.

• Power must be generated at the same instant when the

load is taking up the power.
Base load plant: Thermal plant, Hydel plant, Nuclear
plant, Solar plant, Wind plant and Tidal plant
Peak load plant: Gas plants, Diesel plants
1.2 Power Transmission and
Distribution
TRANSMISSION
1.2 Power Transmission and
Distribution
PRIMARY TRANSMISSION
• The electric supply (in 132kV, 220 kV, 500kV or greater) is transmitted to load center by three
phase three wire (3 Phase – 3 Wires also known as Delta connection) overhead transmission
system.
• High resistance > voltage drop > losses in the transmission lines > decrease in the voltage at
the load end
• Transformer is used to increase the voltage level at certain values ranging from 220kV to
765kV.

• The system “Grid” connects multiple generating stations

generating voltage at different levels being connected
together as a combined system
1.2 Power Transmission and
Distribution
SECONDARY TRANSMISSION
• Area far from the city (outskirts) which have connected with receiving stations by lines is
called secondary transmission.

• At receiving station, the level of voltage reduced by step-down transformers up to 132kV, 66

or 33 kV, and electric power is transferred by three phase three wire (3 Phase – 3 Wires)
overhead system to different sub stations.
1.2 Power Transmission and
Distribution
PRIMARY DISTRIBUTION
• At a sub station, the level of secondary transmission voltage (132kV, 66 or 33 kV) reduced to
11kV by step down transforms.
• For heavier load consumers (at large scale), the demand is upto132 kV or 33 kV. So electric
supply provided them directly by secondary transmission or primary distribution (in 132 kV,
66kV or 33kV) and then step down the level of voltage by step-down transformers in their
own sub station for utilization

• Many control mechanisms are provided in the substations

to make the power delivery a controlled and continuous
process. These substations deliver power to smaller units
called ‘Feeders’. This is done by either ‘Overhead lines’ or
‘Underground cables’.
• For domestic use, voltage is further reduced at 110V-230V
to be used by the individuals at different power factor.
1.2 Power Transmission and
Distribution
SECONDARY DISTRIBUTION
• Electric power is transferred from primary distribution line i.e.11kV to distribution sub
station is known as secondary distribution.
• This sub station is located near by domestic & consumers areas where the level of voltage
reduced to 440V by step down transformers.
• These transformers called Distribution transformers, three phase four wire system (3 Phase –
4 Wires also known as Star connection). So there is 400 Volts (Three Phase Supply System)
between any two phases and 230 Volts (Single Phase Supply) between a neutral and phase
(live) wires.
1.2 Power Transmission and
Distribution
COMBINED PROCESS OF POWER SYSTEM
• Rated voltage and frequency to the load centres.
• Reliability of the system so that power delivery is continuous.
• Flexibility of the system so that the power is available at different voltage levels
• Faster clearance of faults so that the runs well for longer time and it life elongates
• The cost of power must be as low as possible
• The losses in the system must be as low as possible
1.3 Cost of Electricity
HARYANA ELECTRICITY RATES CHENNAI ELECTRICITY RATES

DELHI ELECTRICITY RATES

1.3 Cost of Electricity
MANY FACTORS INFLUENCE ELECTRICITY PRICES
• Fuels: Fuel costs can vary, especially during periods of high demand. High electricity demand
can increase demand for fuel, in turn, higher costs to generate electricity.
• Power plants: Each power plant has construction, maintenance, and operating costs.
• Transmission and distribution system: The electricity transmission and distribution systems
that deliver electricity have maintenance costs, which include repairing damage to the
systems from accidents or extreme weather conditions.
• Weather conditions: Rain and snow provide water for low-cost hydropower generation. Wind
can provide low-cost electricity generation from wind turbines when wind speeds are
favourable. However, extreme temperatures can increase the demand for electricity,
especially for cooling, and demand can drive prices up.
• Regulations: In some states, public service/utility commissions fully regulate prices, while
other states have a combination of unregulated prices (for generators) and regulated prices
(for transmission and distribution).
1.3 Cost of Electricity
MANY FACTORS INFLUENCE ELECTRICITY PRICES
• Electricity prices vary by type of customer
• Electricity prices are usually highest for residential and commercial consumers because
it costs more to distribute electricity to them.
• Industrial consumers use more electricity and can receive it at higher voltages, so
supplying electricity to these customers is more efficient and less expensive.

• Electricity prices vary by locality

• Prices vary by locality based on the availability of power plants and fuels, local fuel costs,
and pricing regulations.
For Watching
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?time_continue=132&v=4QwWs0dnV9M
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WUHcVXjfsxs
For Reading…
1. http://
www.mospi.gov.in/sites/default/files/publication_reports/Energy%20Statistics%202019-final
l.pdf
2. https://
www.cpwd.gov.in/Publication/Guidelines_for_Substation_and_power_Distribution_Systems
_of_Buildings_2019.pdf
3. https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/bitstream/handle/10986/30923/9781464811548.pdf
?sequence=8