Slide 13 Pull System: Arif Rahman

Slide 13
Pull System
Arif Rahman
Arif Rahman – The Production Systems 1

The Push/Pull Production System
۞Push system: the production system for
moving work where output is pushed to
the subsequent station as it is completed
۞Pull system: the production system for
moving work where a workstation pulls
output from the preceding station as
needed.


PUSH SYSTEM PULL SYSTEM

“Generic” Product “Customized” Product
CODP

۞Push system: execution is initiated in
anticipation of customer orders or
subsequent process requirement
(speculative)
۞Pull system : execution is initiated in
response to a customer order or
subsequent process request (reactive)
۞The customer order decoupling point
(CODP) as push-pull boundary separates
push system from pull system
Push System Pull System
۞Focus is on planning ۞Focus is on controlling
۞Schedule work releases ۞Authorize work releases
based on demand based on system status
۞Perspective is on a whole ۞Perspective is on takt
manufacturing lead time time
۞Inherently due-date ۞Inherently rate driven
driven
۞Control release rate, ۞Control WIP level,
observe WIP level observe throughput

Push System Pull System
۞Large batch sizes ۞Small batch sizes
۞Finite capacity ۞Flexible capacity
۞Optimized utilization ۞Optimized effectiveness
۞Manage buffer inventories ۞Manage inventories as
as safety waste
۞Quality inspection is at ۞Quality inspection is in
finished goods or other the process and based on
critical points zero defect principles
۞Many qualified sourcing ۞Some specified sourcing
and suppliers and suppliers


Examples (1)
Process A Process B To
From Lot = 20/cycle
Lot = 15/cycle Customer
Supplier Defect = 5%
Defect = 10%
Customer order = 10.000 units

Examples (1)
PUSH SYSTEM
10.000 X ((100%) / (100% - 5%))
Number of Lot on Process B =
20
= 526,3158  527 Lots  10.540 units
10.540 X ((100%) / (100% - 10%))

Number of Lot on Process A =
15
= 780,7407  781 Lots  11.715 units
From Lot = 20/cycle
Defect = 10% good good
all
11.715 units transfered 10.000
defects defects units

Examples (1)
PULL SYSTEM
Lot size of bin A (output of process A) = 15 units
Lot size of bin B (output of process B) = 20 units
The finished goods storage withdraws 500 empty-bin B
The process B takes item from filled-bin A to produce filled-bin B, and
withdraws empty-bin A every 15 units consumption.
The process A takes item from filled-bin materials to produce filled-bin A, and
withdraws empty-bin materials. withdraw withdraw 500
withdraw empty- Do empty-bin A empty-bin A Do empty-bin B empty-bin B
bin materials
From Lot = 20/cycle
Defect = 10% transfer transfer 10.000 units
consume filled-bin A consume filled-bin B
15/cycle defects 20/cycle defects

Pull System
۞ Pull system controls
production quantity
adapting to demand
changes.
۞ It treats overproduction
and inventory as wastes.

Pull System
۞In the pull system, it is necessary to look at the
production flow conversely.
۞The people of a certain process go to the
preceding process to withdraw the necessary
units in the necessary quantities at the
necessary time.
۞The preceding process produces only enough
units to replace those that have been withdrawn.

Pull System
There are two types of withdrawal methods:
۞The later replenishment system (Ato-Hoju
あとほじ ). It is a method of using a Kanban. The
kanban with an empty box will withdraw another
box filled with parts.
۞The sequenced withdrawal system (Junjo-
Biki 順序引き ). It provides a sequence schedule
for many varieties of finished parts to withdraw
various parts in a sequence conforming to its
sequence schedule for mixed model assembly line.

The Later Replenishment
System (Ato-Hoju あと
ほじ ) and
Kanban ( 看板 )

Kanban - 看板
۞Kanban ( 看板 ) is a signal card applied for
replenishment scheduling by production or
procurement in lean manufacturing.
۞Two kinds are mainly used: the withdrawal
Kanban and the production-ordering Kanban.
۞A withdrawal Kanban details the quantity which
the subsequent process should withdraw,
۞A production-ordering Kanban shows the
quantity which the preceding process must
produce.
Kanban - 看板
(Ordinary) Production Kanban
Production-ordering Kanban (for production other than lot production)
(In-process Kanban)
Triangular Kanban
Kanban (for lot production)
Interprocess Withdrawal Kanban
Withdrawal Kanban
Supplier Kanban
Production Kanban
Triangular
Kanban Interprocess Withdrawal Kanban Supplier Kanban

Flow of Kanban

Flow of Kanban
۞Flow of withdrawal kanban. It describes the route
of withdrawal kanban with empty pallets (containers,
boxes or bins) from subsequent process (next process)
to preceding process (previous process).
۞Flow of production-ordering kanban. It
describes the route of production-ordering kanban within
process after it receives withdrawal kanban.
۞Flow of physical units of product. It describes
the route of withdrawal kanban with filled pallets from
preceding process to subsequent process.

Other Type of Kanban
۞Express Kanban. An express Kanban is issued
when there is a shortage of a part.
۞Emergency Kanban. An emergency Kanban
will be issued temporarily when some inventory
is required to make up for defective units,
machine troubles, extra insertions, or a spurt in
a weekend operation.
۞Job-Order Kanban. A job-order Kanban is
prepared for a job-order production line and is
issued for each job order.

Other Type of Kanban
۞Through Kanban. a through Kanban (or tunnel
Kanban) can be used in those machining lines
where each piece of a product produced at a
line can be conveyed immediately to the next
line by a chute one at a time.
۞Common Kanban. A withdrawal Kanban can
also be used as a production-ordering Kanban if
the distance between two processes is very
short and one supervisor is supervising both
processes.

Operational Flow of Kanban

Facilities on Kanban System
۞Mizusumashi ( ミズスマシ ) or whirligig beetle
is a carrier who travels between preceding
processes and subsequent processes again and
again at regular predetermined times.
۞Kanban post is a rack that collects empty
kanban that will trigger next operations.
۞Kanban visual board ( 看板图 ) is a board that
informs kanban states at the preceding process.

Facilities on Kanban System
Kanban Post
Mizusumashi
or Carrier
Kanban visual board

Operational Steps Utilizing the
Kanban

Kanban
1. The carrier of the subsequent process goes to the store
of the preceding process with the Withdrawal Kanban
kept in his withdrawal Kanban post and the empty
pallets. He does this at regular predetermined times.
2. When the subsequent process carrier withdraws the
filled pallets at store A, he detaches the Production-
Ordering Kanban which were attached to the physical
units in the pallets and places the Kanban in the
Kanban receiving post. He also leaves the empty
pallets at the place designated by the preceding
process people.

Kanban
3. For each Production-Ordering Kanban that he
detached, he attaches in its place one of his
Withdrawal Kanbans. When exchanging the two types
of Kanbans, he carefully compares the withdrawal
Kanban with the production-ordering Kanban for
consistency.
4. When work begins in the subsequent process, the
Withdrawal Kanban must be put in the withdrawal
Kanban post.

Kanban
5. In the preceding process, the Production-Ordering
Kanban should be collected from the Kanban receiving
post at a certain point in time or when a certain number
of units have been produced and must be placed in the
production-ordering Kanban post in the same sequence
in which it had been detached at store.
6. Produce the parts according to the ordinal sequence of
the Production-Ordering Kanbans in the post.

Kanban
7. The physical units and the Production-Ordering
Kanban must move as a pair when processed.
8. When the physical units are completed in this process,
they and the Production-Ordering Kanban are placed
in store, so that the carrier from the subsequent
process can withdraw them at any time.

Triangular Kanban
۞ Since ordinary production
processes a single piece
or small batch size each
cycle, it uses one sheet
kanban each pallet.
۞ Unlike lot production that
processes large batch
size and rapid production
rate, it uses a pair of
signal kanban. They are
material requisition
kanban and triangular
kanban
Triangular Kanban
There are some changes at the operational steps
utilizing kanban :
۞At step 2. The carrier detaches Material
Requisition Kanban if remaining pallets reaches
Triangular Kanban (reorder point) and places the
Kanban in the dispatching post (production-ordering
kanban post without kanban receiving post).
۞At step 3. For each filled pallet that he taken (no
production-ordering kanban), he attaches in its
place one of his Withdrawal Kanbans.

Triangular Kanban
utilizing kanban :
۞At step 5. In the preceding process, the Material
Requisition Kanban should be collected from the
dispatching post at a certain point in time and the
production order must be set in motion.
۞At step 6. Produce the parts according to the
ordinal sequence of the Material Requisition
Kanbans in the post.

Triangular Kanban
utilizing kanban :
۞At step 7. The physical units and the Material
Requisition Kanban must move as a pair when
processed.
۞At step 8. When the physical units are
completed in this process, they that are attached
Material Requisition Kanban and Triangular
Kanban are placed in store.

Supplier Kanban
۞If the manufacturer applied the Kanban system to
its vendors without changing its own production
systems, the Kanban system would be a demon
to the vendors.
۞If the paternal manufacturer withdraws parts with
large variance in terms of quantity or timing, the
suppliers must necessarily prepare slack
capacities of manpower, facility, and inventory.
۞The suppliers would suffer if the paternal
manufacturer ordered parts in a fluctuating
manner.
Supplier Kanban
There two kinds of information to its suppliers:
۞A predetermined monthly production plan, which
is communicated to the supplier in the middle of
the preceding month.
۞A daily information, which specifies the actual
number of units to be supplied. It takes on two
different forms: a Kanban or a sequence schedule
table.

Supplier Kanban
۞ The Kanban in Figure is
The rear-door wire delivered
used for delivery from delivery times
six times a day to station 36 will be conveyed
to store 3S (8-3-213)
Sumitomo Denko to
Toyota's Tsutsumi plant.
۞ Since the pull system
engages in small-lot
production, frequent
delivery each day is
necessary. Therefore,
delivery times is written
The number 36
explicitly on this Kanban 1-6-2 means that it must be
refers to the
receiving station
delivered six times a day at the plant
and the parts must be
conveyed two delivery times
later

Supplier Kanban
۞ The 8 a.m. file contains as many
production Kanbans as the
number of customer Kanbans
brought at 8 a.m., and will instruct
production during the day shift.
The production of parts will be
completed at the latest by 10 p.m.
that night, and the parts will be
loaded on the truck at 10 p.m. to
deliver.
۞ The 10 p.m. file contains as many
production Kanbans as the
number of customer Kanbans
brought at 10 p.m., and will
instruct the production for the
night shift. The required parts will
be finished at the latest by 8 a.m.
the next morning, and again will
be loaded on the truck at 8 a.m.
for delivery.
Kanban Rules
۞Rule 1: The subsequent process should
withdraw the necessary products from the
preceding process in the necessary quantities at
the necessary point in time.
۞Rule 2: The preceding process should produce
its products in the quantities withdrawn by the
subsequent process.
۞Rule 3: Defective products should never be
convened to the subsequent process.

Kanban Rules
۞Rule 4: The number of Kanbans should be
minimized.
۞Rule 5: Kanban should be used to adapt to
small fluctuations in demand (fine-tuning of
production by Kanban).

Inventory Control in Kanban
System
۞When using Kanban, there is no need to
examine the inventory quantity continuously.
۞With Kanban, the number of withdrawal Kanban
detached at the subsequent process since the
previous order is what must be ordered.
۞Inventory calculations become very simple in
Kanban systems.

System
Several terms in Kanban System:
۞The container capacity is the maximum number of
parts each container.
۞The order quantity is the quantity of parts
withdrawn by subsequent process.
۞The economic lot size is the order quantity
determined by EOQ.
۞The reorder point is the quantity level that
triggers a new order.

System
۞The order cycle is the time interval between
instructing a production order to the line and
instructing the next production order.
۞The lead time is simply the time interval between
placing an order and receiving delivery.
۞The processing time is the time interval between
placing a production order and completing its
production.

System
۞The Kanban collecting time is the time interval
between picking up Kanbans from the post, which
were detached at the subsequent process, and
placing the production order to the preceding
process.
۞The conveyance time is the time interval to convey
physical units from the preceding process to
subsequent process

System
۞The waiting time is the allowance time that
spares for delaying or idling.
۞The safety coefficient refers to the safety factor in
percentage that is excluded from inventory
availability for various purposes.
۞The safety inventory period corresponds to the
time interval to keep stock at the store. This
inventory responds to defective products, machine
troubles, etc.
System
There are two different inventory control systems
in the kanban systems:
۞The constant quantity, nonconstant cycle
withdrawal system
۞The constant cycle, nonconstant quantity
withdrawal system

CONSTANT QUANTITY,
NONCONSTANT CYCLE
WITHDRAWAL SYSTEM
Economic lot size (Q) is determined by the EOQ
model for expected demand.
2 A R
Q
ic
Where :
Q = economic lot size
A = ordering or setup cost per lot
R = monthly estimated demand quantity
i = carrying or holding cost per dollar of an item
c = unit cost
CONSTANT QUANTITY,
NONCONSTANT CYCLE
WITHDRAWAL SYSTEM
The reorder point, which is the quantity level that
triggers a new order, is determined as:
Reorder Point = average usage during lead time +

safety stock - orders placed but not yet received
Where:
The lead time is simply the time interval between
placing an order and receiving delivery

CONSTANT QUANTITY,
NONCONSTANT CYCLE
WITHDRAWAL SYSTEM
Three cases of determining the number of kanban
۞The lot size is fairly large, or the setup action is
not sufficiently improved.
۞The maximum necessary inventory is equal to
the reorder point.
۞The connected two adjacent processes.

CONSTANT QUANTITY,
NONCONSTANT CYCLE
WITHDRAWAL SYSTEM
Total Number of Kanban =
economic lot size + (daily demand x safety coefficient)
=
container capacity
or
monthly demand
( monthly number of
setups
)+ (daily demand X safety coefficient)
=
container capacity
CONSTANT QUANTITY,
NONCONSTANT CYCLE
WITHDRAWAL SYSTEM
Position of the Triangular Kanban=
average daily demand x lead time x (1 + safety coefficient)
=
container capacity
or
average daily demand
= ( container capacity ) +1
it should round up into least integer number

CONSTANT QUANTITY,
NONCONSTANT CYCLE
WITHDRAWAL SYSTEM
۞The maximum necessary inventory is equal to
the reorder point.
average daily demand x lead time x (1 + safety coefficient)
=
container capacity
Where:
lead time = processing time + waiting time + conveyance time +
Kanban collecting time

CONSTANT QUANTITY,
NONCONSTANT CYCLE
WITHDRAWAL SYSTEM
۞The connected two adjacent processes.
¤ There is no need to use Kanban between two
adjacent processes that are connected such as by
conveyor line.
¤ If plural processes are connected very closely with
each other, one sheet of Kanban is used commonly
by these plural processes.
¤ This is the case of a through Kanban (also called
tunnel Kanban).

Examples (2)
A workcell plans to produce 3,000 units for next month. It
will withdraw same number of parts from the preceding
workcell. The workcell and the preceding one operate 30
days/month. The setup cost in the preceding workcell is
$2.5 each lot. The unit cost is $10, and the carrying cost is
15% of the unit cost. The parts will convey to subsequent
workcell in box that contains 10 parts. If the safety
coefficient is 10%, calculate
1.economic lot size
2.average daily demand
3.total number of kanban

Examples (2)
R = 3,000 units 1. economic lot size
D = 30 days/month. 2 A R 2  2.5  3000
Q   100
A = $2.5 each lot. i c 15%  10
c = $10 2. average daily demand
i = 15% 3000
= = 100
container capacity = 10 parts. 30
safety coefficient = 10% 3. total number of kanban
100 + (100 x 10%)
1.economic lot size = 10
2.average daily demand
=11
3.total number of kanban
CONSTANT CYCLE,
NONCONSTANT QUANTITY
WITHDRAWAL SYSTEM
The standard quantity is determined by
standard quantity = daily demand x (order cycle + lead

time) + safety stock
Where :
The order cycle is the time interval between one order time
and the next order time
The lead time is simply the time interval between placing an
order and receiving delivery
The replenishment lead time is the order cycle plus the lead
time
CONSTANT CYCLE,
WITHDRAWAL SYSTEM
The order cycle is determined by
economic lot size for expected demand
order cycle =
average daily demand
and the order quantity (Q) is determined by

order quantity = (standard quantity - existing inventory)
- (orders placed but not yet received)

CONSTANT CYCLE,
WITHDRAWAL SYSTEM
daily demand x (order cycle + lead time + safety period)
=
container capacity
Where:
lead time = processing time + waiting time + conveyance time +
Kanban collecting time
and
order quantity = (number of Kanban detached by the time of
regular Kanban collection since the previous collection) x
container capacity

CONSTANT CYCLE,
WITHDRAWAL SYSTEM
Total number of Kanban = number of Kanban attached
at store + number of Kanban (detached) at receiving
post + number of Kanban in the preceding process
Then..

Examples (3)
Everyday a workcell withdraws 100 parts from the
preceding workcell. The order cycle is 1 day. The lead time
is 0.5 day. The safety period is 0.1 day. The parts will
convey to subsequent workcell in box that contains 10
parts. Calculate the total number of kanban.

Examples (3)
average daily demand = 100 parts
order cycle = 1 day
lead time = 0.5 day
safety period = 0.1 day.
container capacity = 10 parts.
total number of kanban =
100 x (1 + 0.5 + 0.1)
=
10
= 16

CONSTANT WITHDRAWAL CYCLE
SYSTEM
FOR THE SUPPLIER KANBAN
daily demand x (order cycle + lead time + safety period)
=
container capacity
Where:
order cycle = order cycle to the supplier
(number of days spent for one-time conveyance)
=
number of times of conveyance per day
lead time = production lead time of the supplier

= order cycle to the supplier x conveyance interval
SYSTEM
replenishment lead time =

SYSTEM

Examples (4)
Suppose:
۞the number of days spent for one-time conveyance = 1
day,
۞the number of times of conveyance per day = 6 times,
۞the conveyance interval = 2 times later after the original
conveyance of Kanban,
۞the average daily demand = 100 units,
۞the container capacity = 5 units, and
۞the safety period = 0.2 day
Calculate the total number of kanban.

Examples (4)
100   1  2  
  1    0.2
5   6   
 20   0.5  0.2  14

The Sequenced Withdrawal
System (Junjo-Biki 順序引
き ) and
Heijunka ( 平準化 )

Junjo-biki - 順序引き
۞Junjo-biki ( 順序引き ) or Mixed Scheduling
refers to the process of developing one or more
schedules to enable mixed-model production. It
makes different sequence products every day,
according to the daily anticipated demand, to
avoid inventory accumulation.

Production Smoothing Process
There are two phases of the production
smoothing process
۞Smoothing of the total production quantity
۞Smoothing of every model's production
quantity.

Smoothing of The Total Production
Quantity
۞Smoothing of the total production quantity is done
to minimize the variance in total outputs between
two sequential periods. In short, the goal of
production smoothing is to produce the same
amount of products every period.
۞Production smoothing allows daily production
volumes to remain constant.
۞Smoothing of the total production quantity is
meant to level the daily amount of products
flowing as much as possible by anticipating peaks
and valleys in demand.
Quantity
There are two kinds of waste where the smoothing
is not implemented
۞Waste arises from uneven periods of demand.
When facilities, people, materials, and other elements are
prepared for peak demand as the standard, but will be
waste during a period of short runs.
۞Waste occurs between processes. A preceding
process properly prepares its units in quantities
corresponding to the peak quantity withdrawn by the
subsequent process, it follows that excessive works would
occur as waste.

Quantity
۞ To practice smoothing the total production quantity
without occurrence of waste between processes, the
final assembly line and all processes must produce
products according to the takt time. This means
balancing between processes (synchronization) will be
completely realized if every preceding process finishes
at the same pace within the takt time for all
specifications.
۞ Production capacity plan adapting demand fluctuation.
Adapting to increased demand, the takt time will be
decreased. Adapting to decreased demand, the takt time
will be increased.

Quantity

Smoothing Each Model's
Production Quantity
۞The purpose of smoothing every model's
production quantity is to check variances in the
flow of each product variety between periods
(days).
۞The aim is to level the quantity of parts
consumed and produced each period because if
great variances existed in the daily consumed
quantity of parts of a specified variety, the
subassembly lines in question would have to
hold huge excess inventories and work force.

Production Quantity
۞All product varieties can be produced according
to the average cycle time of all varieties as long
as each model's cycle time is considered when
determining the sequence of each model.
۞Lot (batch) production can cause variances in
the necessary volumes of each subassembly
part.
۞Many companies are able to achieve smoothing
of production by using a daily production
quantity.

Production Quantity

Production Quantity

Production Smoothing
There are two phases of the production smoothing
۞The first phase shows the adaptation to monthly
demand changes during a year (monthly
adaptation). It will be achieved by monthly
production planning instructing the averaged daily
production level of each process in the plant.
۞The second phase shows adaptation to daily
demand changes during a month (daily
adaptation). It is made possible by daily production
dispatching.

Production Smoothing

Heijunka - 平準化
۞Heijunka ( 平準化 ) refers to smoothed
production. It breakdowns demands into smaller
batches (lot), arrange them into mixed
scheduling, and levels the loads.

The procedure for designing a mixed-model
assembly line involves the following steps
۞Determination of a cycle time.
۞Computation of a minimum number of processes.
۞Preparation of a diagram of integrated precedence
relationships among elemental jobs.
۞Line balancing.
۞Determination of the sequence schedule for introducing
various products to the line.
۞Determination of the length of the operations range of
each process.
The goals of the mixed-model assembly line is :
1.Leveling the load (total assembly time) on each
process within the line.
2.Keeping a constant speed in consuming each
part on the line.

Heijunka – Goal 1: Leveling the
load
۞The line balancing on the mixed-model line is
made under the condition that the operation time
of each process, which was weighted by each
quantity of mixed models, should not exceed the
cycle time
۞A product might have a longer operation time
than the predetermined cycle time.
۞If products with relatively longer operation times
are successively introduced into the line, the
products will cause a delay in completing the
product and may cause line stoppage.
Heijunka – Goal 1: Leveling the
load
 
  QiTil 
max  i 1  C
  Qi 
l
 i 1 
Where :
Qi = planned production quantity of the product Ai (i= 1, ... ,)
Til = operation time per unit of product Ai on the process l total
operation time per day
C = cycle time total operation time per day
C 
Q
i 1
i

Heijunka – Goal 2: Keeping a
constant speed
۞The respective work-in-process inventories must
be minimized. To do so, the quantity used per
hour (Le., consumption speed) for each part in
the mixed-model line must be kept as constant
as possible.
۞The mixed scheduling or sequencing method is
designed to reach this goal.
۞There are two sequencing method:
¤ A goal chasing method
¤ A simplified algorithm (goal chasing method II)

constant speed
Q = Total production quantity of all products Ai (i= 1, ... ,)
= Qi , (Qi = production quantity of each product A)
bij = Necessary quantity of the part aj (j =1, ... , ) for producing one
unit of the product Ai (i= 1, ... ,)
Nj = Total necessary quantity of the part aj to be consumed for
producing all products Ai (i=I, ... ,  ; j =1, ... , )
Xjk = Total necessary quantity of the part aj to be utilized for producing
the products of determined sequence from first to k-th.
Nj / Q = Average necessary quantity of the part aj per unit of a product.
(k.Nj) / Q = Average necessary quantity of the part aj for producing k
units of products.

constant speed
۞ A Goal Chasing Method

Examples (5)
Suppose the production quantities Qi (i=1,2,3) of each
product A1, A2, and A3 , and the required unit bij (i=1,2,3;
j=1,2,3,4) of each part a1, a2, a3, and a4 for producing these
products are as follows
Product Ai A1 A2 A3
Planned Production 2 3 5
Quantity Qi
Parts aj a1 a2 a3 a4
Products Ai
A1 1 0 1 1
A2 1 1 0 1
A3 0 1 1 0

Examples (5)
Then, the total necessary quantity (Nj) of the part aj
(j=1,2,3,4) for producing all products Ai (i=1,2,3) can be
computed as follows:
[ N j ]  [Qi ][bij ]
1 0 1 1
  2 3 5 1 1 0 1   5 8 7 5
0 1 1 0
the3 total production quantity of all products Ai (i=1,2,3) :
Q i  2  3  5  10 and [ N j / Q]   5 / 10 8 / 10 7 / 10 5 / 10
i 1
untuk (j=1,2,3,4)

Examples (5)
Applying the values of [Nj/Q] and [bij] to the formula in step
2 of the above algorithm,
When K = 1, the distances Dki can be computed as follows:
for i  1, D1,1   1105  0  1 2   1108  0  0 2   1107  0  1 2   1105  0  1 2  1.11
for i  2, D1, 2   1105  0  1 2   1108  0  1 2   1107  0  0 2   1105  0  1 2  1.01
for i  3, D1,3   1105  0  0 2   1108  0  1 2   1107  0  1 2   1105  0  0 2  0.79
Thus, D1,i* = min {1.11, 1.01, 0.79) = 0.79
Sequence  A3
Xjk = Xjk-1 + b3j = [0 1 1 0]

Examples (5)
When K = 2, the distances Dki can be computed as follows:

for i  1, D2,1   2105  0  1 2   2108  1  0 2   2107  1  1 2   2105  0  1 2  0.85
for i  2, D2, 2   2105  0  1 2   2108  1  1 2   2107  1  0 2   2105  0  1 2  0.57
for i  3, D2,3   2105  0  0 2   2108  1  1 2   2107  1  1 2   2105  0  0 2  1.59
Thus, D2,i* = min {0.85, 0.57, 1.59) = 0.57
Sequence  A3 A2
Xjk = Xjk-1 + b2j = [1 2 1 1]

Examples (5)

constant speed
۞ A Simplified Algorithm
The simplified algorithm is evolved from Step 2 of goal chasing method
and is based on the following proposition:
Among a product Ab and the other product Ac
if Dk.b < Dk.c , then the relationship:
 k  N jb   k  N jc 
 
Q
 X jb ,k 1      X jc ,k 1 
jb Bb   jc Bc  Q 

constant speed
۞ A Simplified Algorithm
Denote:
W = necessary quantity of each item
of part for a unit of a product,
then,

constant speed
۞It is difficult to apply the goal chasing method
since the number of different parts used in an
automobile is about 20,000.
۞Therefore, the parts are represented only by
their respective subassembly, where each
subassembly has many outputs.
۞Each subassembly must obviously contain many
different parts.

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Slide 13 Pull System: Arif Rahman

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Slide 13

Arif Rahman – The Production Systems 1

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PUSH SYSTEM PULL SYSTEM

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Customer order = 10.000 units

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10.540 X ((100%) / (100% - 10%))

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Kanban (for lot production)

Interprocess Withdrawal Kanban

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Kanban visual board

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Reorder Point = average usage during lead time +

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standard quantity = daily demand x (order cycle + lead

and the order quantity (Q) is determined by

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