AUTOMOBILE ENGINEERING

TME-802
B. TECH VIII SEM
 INTRODUCTION

• Automobile engineering is the one of the stream of mechanical

engineering. It deals with the various types of automobiles, their
mechanism of transmission systems, its applications and practices to
propel them.
• Different types of fuels are burnt inside the cylinder at higher
temperature to get the transmission motion in the vehicles.
• Basically all the types of vehicles works on the principle of internal
combustion processes or some times the engines are called as
internal combustion engines.
 What is Automobile

Automobile is a vehicle driven by an internal combustion engine and it

is used for transportation of passengers and goods on the ground.

Automobile can also be defined as a vehicle which can move by itself.

Examples : Car, jeep, bus, truck, scooter, etc.

 Classification of Automobile
Automobiles or vehicles can be classified on different bases as given
1.On the Basis of Load : HTV, HMV, LTV, LMV
2.On the Basis of Wheels : 2 wheeler, 3 wheeler, 4 wheeler, 6 wheeler
3.On the Basis of Fuel Used : Petrol, Diesel, Electric, Steam, Gas
4.On the Basis of Body : Sedan, Mini, Convertible, Van, Special purpose
vehicle
5.Transmission : Manual transmission, Semi-automatic, Automatic
6.Position of Engine : Engine in Front, Engine in the Rear Side
7.Based on side of drive : Left hand, Right hand
 Parts of an Automobile
• The Engine or Power Plant
• The Frame and Chassis
• The transmission which transmits power from the engine to the car
wheels
• The body fitted on chassis
• Accessories including light, air conditioner/hearer, stereo, wiper, etc.
 Description of an automobile
• Type – bus, truck, car, motor cycle etc.
• Carriage Capacity
• Make – actual name allotted by the manufacturer
• Drive – right & left hand, 2-4-6 wheel drive
• Model – year of manufacture or special code
  Engine Cycle – Energy Balance
• Analysis is based on the first law of thermodynamics
 Performance of an Automobile
•  Pressures are developed inside cylinder when fuel burns
• These pressures are transmitted to crankshaft through piston and
connecting rod
• Torque is produced, which sets crankshaft in motion
• The actual power delivered by the engine is known as Break Power
(B.P)
 Performance of an Automobile (Continued…)
• r.p.m at which torque decreases depends
on engine design because
• At higher speeds engine vacuum falls down
and less fuel enters the cylinder resulting
less torque generation
• Gear box act as leverage to multiply torque
which is inversely proportional to speed
 Performance of an Automobile (Continued…)
•  The torque available at the contact between driving wheel and road is
referred to as Tractive effort
• (= torque at driving wheel, = transmission efficiency, = engine torque)

• Tractive Effort, (
• The ratio between engine r.p.m. and vehicle speed depends on overall
gear ratio
• R.P.M. wheel = vehicle speed (V) = wheel circumference ;
engine speed
 Performance of an Automobile (Continued…)
• 
• Engine torque can be increased by reduction gearing
• Speed of propeller shaft is always less than engine speed
• Speed of axle shaft is less than speed of propeller shaft
• Power available at the driving wheels ranges about 60 to 75% due to
friction and transmission line losses
• Tractive effort provided by the engine at the driving wheel varies at
different engine speed and gear position
 Performance of an Automobile (Continued…)
•  Forces opposing motion of vehicle
1. Rolling resistance (Rr) : due to friction between wheel tyres and
road surface measured in kg or N, and is about 1 to 2% of vehicle
pressure (Rr = krW)
2. Wind or air resistance (Ra) : depends on shape, size and speed of
vehicle and air velocity, increases as square of vehicle speed so
streamlines are of much importance (Ra = kaAV2)
3. Gradient resistance (Rg) : due to steepness of road gradient,
subjected to vehicle weight not speed ()
 Performance Number (PN)
•It  is a useful measure of detonation tendency, developed from the
conception of knock limited indicated mean effective pressure (klimep)

PN is obtained on specified engine, under specified set of conditions by

varying the inlet pressure
  Steering System
• Purpose of a steering system : allows the driver to guide the car along
the road and turn left or right as desired.

• The system includes :

1. Steering wheel – controlled by driver
2. Steering gear – changing rotary motion to straight line motion
3. Steering linkages – transmitting steering gear movement to front
wheels
 Functions of a Steering System
• Achieving angular motion of front wheel to negotiate a turn
• To provide directional stability when going straight ahead
• To facilitate straight ahead recovery after completing a turn
• To minimise wear and tear of tyre
• Absorb major part of road shock, transmitting to drivers
hand
• Provide perfect rolling motion all the time
 Requirement of a good steering system
• Very accurate
• Easy to handle
• Provide directional stability
• Multiply the turning effort applied on steering wheel by the
driver
• Irreversible, so that road shock not transmitted to drivers
hand
 General arrangement of a steering system
 Steering Gears

Worm and Worm wheel type Worm and Nut type

 Steering Gears (Continued…)

Worm and Roller type Recirculating ball type

 Steering Gears (Continued…)

Rack and Pinion type

 Steering Ratio
• It is defined as the no. of degrees
that the steering wheel must be
turned to pivot the front wheels 1
degree
• Average one and half turn for full
lock of 45˚ each way on the wheels
• 12:1 for cars and about 35:1 for
heavy vehicles
• With high steering ratio it is easy to
steer the car but are slow
• power steering have steering ratio
20% less than manual steering
 Reversibility
• If deflection of the steered wheels due to road surface is transmitted
through the steering linkage and steering gear box to the steering
wheel then the steering gear is said to be reversible
• The steering system is said to be irreversible if the steered wheels do
not transfer any deflection to steering wheel, but then it will not tend
to straighten after negotiating a turn and unwanted stress will also
generate in the mechanism

Therefore, some degree of irreversibility is desired to stop shock

sustained by the road wheels, are known as semi-reversible system
 Steering Geometry
• When a car is moving along a curve, all its
wheel should roll truly without any lateral
slip.

• This can be achieved if the axes of all four

wheels intersect at one point

• This point will be the centre about which

the vehicle will be turning about that
instant
 Understeering and oversteering
While taking a turn, centrifugal force acting
on vehicle produces side thrust, and to
sustain that wheel must make some angle
from direction of motion known as slip
angle, the force thus produced is called
“cornering force”
 BRAKES
• Contributes in running and control of the vehicle
• Life of driver, passenger and people moving on road depends on brake
efficiency
• All braking system depends upon friction between moving parts and
stationary parts for their stopping force
• Kinetic energy developed when vehicle in motion is converted to heat
energy by the friction of brake shoe and drum
• Braking efficiency is ratio between retarding force and weight of the
vehicles and is expressed as percentage
 Function and requirement
• Stop moving vehicle in shortest possible time and reasonable distance
• Controlling and reducing speed while turning and in crowded places
• Hold the vehicle in stationary position
Should promote high degree of safety in roads
Retardation shall be smooth and free from shudder
Should not be affected by water, heat, road grit and dust etc.
Pedal effort should not strain the driver
Quick heat dissipation of heat generated due to friction
All components should be strong enough to take mechanical stress
and strain during brake actuation
 Classification of brakes
• Mechanical brakes
• Hydraulic brakes
• Power brakes
• Air brakes
• Air-hydraulic brakes
• Vacuum brakes
• Electric brakes
 Mechanical brakes
• Brakes which are operated mechanically by means of levers, linkages,
pedals, cams, bell crank etc.
• Hand brake
• These operate independently of the foot brakes
• Used for parking on slopes and during emergency
• Disc brakes

• Drum is replaced by a circular plate and brake shoe is replaced by

caliper which supports a pair of friction pads
• A cast iron disc bolted to wheel hub and a
stationary housing called caliper casted in two
parts consisting piston and friction pads
• On application of brakes, hydraulically
actuated piston moves friction pad into contact
with the disc applying equal and opposite force
• Piston are retracted using rubber sealing ring
 Advantages Disadvantages

• Lighter • Costlier
• Better cooling • High pedal pressure required
• Better resistance • Difficult to install an adequate
• Uniform pressure distribution parking attachment
• Easy replacement if wear
• Self adjusting