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Dielectrics & Polarisation: Mathew Abraham Principal KV Nmu Jalgaon

Dielectrics are materials that are poor conductors of electricity but support electrostatic fields. They are useful in capacitors and transmission lines. When an electric field is applied to a dielectric material, the charges in the material (electrons, ions, or polarized molecules) shift slightly from their equilibrium positions causing dielectric polarization. There are three main types of polarization: electronic, orientational, and ionic. The document goes on to define related concepts like polarizability, electric susceptibility, permittivity, and dielectric breakdown.

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Mathew Abraham
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158 views21 pages

Dielectrics & Polarisation: Mathew Abraham Principal KV Nmu Jalgaon

Dielectrics are materials that are poor conductors of electricity but support electrostatic fields. They are useful in capacitors and transmission lines. When an electric field is applied to a dielectric material, the charges in the material (electrons, ions, or polarized molecules) shift slightly from their equilibrium positions causing dielectric polarization. There are three main types of polarization: electronic, orientational, and ionic. The document goes on to define related concepts like polarizability, electric susceptibility, permittivity, and dielectric breakdown.

Uploaded by

Mathew Abraham
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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DIELECTRICS &

POLARISATION
MATHEW ABRAHAM
PRINCIPAL
KV NMU JALGAON
●A dielectric material is a substance that is a
poor conductor of electricity, but an efficient
supporter of electrostatic field.
●If the flow of current between opposite electric
charge poles is kept to a minimum while the
electrostatic lines of flux are not impeded or
interrupted, an electrostatic field can store
Dielectrics energy.
●This property is useful in capacitor, especially
at radio frequencies.
●Dielectric materials are also used in the
construction of radio-frequency transmission
lines.
●An important property of a dielectric is
its ability to support an electrostatic field
while dissipating minimal energy in the
form of heat.
Dielectrics
●The lower the dielectric loss (the
proportion of energy lost as heat), the
more effective is a dielectric material. 
●Most dielectric materials are solid. Examples
include porcelain (ceramic), mica, glass, plastics,
and the oxides of various metals.
●Some liquids and gases can serve as good
dielectric materials.
Examples ●Dry air is an excellent dielectric, and is used in
variable capacitors and some types of
transmission lines.
●Distilled water is a fair dielectric. A vacuum is an
exceptionally efficient dielectric.
●Polar Molecules: Polar Molecules are those
type of dielectric in which the possibilities that
the positive and negative molecules will
coincide with each other is null or zero.
●The reason why the polar molecules do not
coincide with each other is due to their shape,
Polar that is they all are asymmetric in shape.
Molecules
● Examples: H2O, CO2, NO2 etc.
Polar
Molecules
●In Non-Polar Molecule, unlike polar molecules
the center of positive charge and negative
coincide, that is it is not zero. The molecule
then has no permanent (or intrinsic) dipole
Non-Polar moment.
Molecules
● Example: O2, N2, H2 etc.
Non-Polar
Molecules
●In a non-polar molecule, all the protons are
pulled in the direction as of electric field and
electrons are pulled in opposite direction as of
electric field, when an external electric field is
applied.
Induced ● Due to the presence of electric field, this
Electric process continues unless the internal forces
balance them. Due to this two centers of charge
Dipole are created; the molecules are known
Moment as Polarized and is known as Induced Electric
Dipole.
●The dipole moment is known as Induced
Electric Dipole Moment.
Formula
● Polarizabilities determine the dynamical response of a
bound system to external fields, and provide insight into
a molecule's internal structure. 
● In a solid, polarizability is defined as the dipole moment
per unit volume of the crystal cell

Polarizability

● where 'α' is known as Atomic Polarisability

● The S.I. unit of polarisability is m3 and it’s dimensions as


same as it’s volume.
●The electric susceptibility can be  defined as
the ratio of Polarisation P to electric field
 strength

Electric
susceptibili where ϵ is the electric permittivity 
ty In MKS, the electric susceptibility is defined as:

where ϵ0 is the permittivity of free space.


● How much a medium can be polarized in response to an
applied electric field, this can determine permittivity.
● Units of permittivity:
● In SI units, ε is in units of Farads/meter.
● In SI units, ε0 is the permittivity of free space and has the
value ε0 ≈ 1.85 × 10-12 Farads/meter.
● The permittivity is given by:
Permittivity
●If the voltage across a dielectric material
becomes too great -- that is, if the electrostatic
field becomes too intense -- the material will
suddenly begin to conduct current. This
phenomenon is called dielectric breakdown .

Dielectric ●In components that use gases or liquids as the


Breakdown dielectric medium, this condition reverses itself
if the voltage decreases below the critical point.
●But in components containing solid dielectrics,
dielectric breakdown usually results in
permanent damage.
Polarisation
Polarisation
●Here, the neutral atoms get polarized and it
results in the shifting of electrons. It is also
known as atomic polarization.
●We can simply say that with respect to the
nucleus, the center of electrons is shifted.
Hence, a dipole moment is formed as
Electronic represented below.
Polarisation
ANIMATION
● It is also known as dipolar polarization.
● Due to the thermal equilibrium of the molecules, in
normal state the dipoles will be randomly aligned.
● When a peripheral electric field is implemented, it results
in polarization. Now, the dipoles will align to some
degree as represented in figure 2. E.g.: It usually occurs
in gases and liquids such as H2O, HCl etc.
Orientational
Polarisation

ANALOGY
●It results in the shifting of ions and forms
dipole moment.
●It usually occurs in solid materials. E.g: NaCl.
●In normal state, it contains some dipoles and
they nullify each other. It is represented in
figure 3.
Ionic
Polarisation
● For finding the total polarization, we will consider all the
other polarizations

Total
Polarisation

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