NUMERICAL
METHODS
Biplove Pokhrel
Teaching Assistant,WRC
BASIC PROPERTIES OF
EQUATION
I. If f(x) is exactly divisible by x-a, then a is root
of f(x) =0.
II. Every equation of the nth degree has only n
roots (real or imaginary).
Conversely if a , a , …, a are the roots of the
1 2 n
nth degree equation f(x) =0
Then,
f(x)=A(x - a1) (x - a2) (x - an) Where A is a
constant.
METHOD OF SOLUTION
Direct Analytical Method (Quadratic
Equation)
Graphical Method
Trial And Error Method
Iterative Method
ITERATIVE METHOD
Iterative Method are the algorithmic
approaches to Numerical Calculation. These
are more Accurate as compared to other
method.
An Iterative Method begin with the initial
Guess of the Root Value which is Successively
Corrected iteration by iteration until the
certain level of Error Satisfaction is meet.
Types of Iterative Method
A. Bracketing Method
B. Open End Method
Bracketing Methods Starts with the initial
Guess that brackets the root and then
systematically reduce the width of the
Bracket until the solution is reached.
These Methods are based on the assumption
that the function changes its sign in the
Vicinity of the root.
Open End Methods start with the single
starting Value or True Value that does not
necessary brackets the Root.
ALGORITHM
Start
Choose and as two guesses for the root such that
f()f()<0 and Stopping Criteria E.
Compute f() and f().
Estimate the root X0 of the equation f(x)=0 as the
mid point between and . as
Now check the following
If f()f()=0 then the root is . Goto stop
If f()f()<0 then the root lies between and . Set = .
If f()f()>0 then the root lies between and . Set =
Find the absolute relative error
NUMERICAL PROBLEMS
Solve the equation and find the negative root
of x2-4x-10.
Solution:
X -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
F(X) 35 22 11 2 -5 - - - - - -5 2 11
10 13 14 13 10
For negative Root the value lies between -1 and
-2
ITERATION TABLE
N of X1 X2 F(x1) F(x2)
Iteration
1 -1 -2 -5 2 -1.5
2 -1.5 -2 -1.75 2 -1.75
3 -1.5 -1.75 -1.75 0.065 -1.625
4 -1.625 -1.75 0.8543 0.0625 -1.6875
5 -1.6875 -1.75 -0.4023 0.0625 2
-1.7187
6 -1.7187 -1.75 -0.1712 0.0625 -1.7343
7 -1.7343 -1.75 -0.0546 0.0625 -
1.74215
Hence our Result gives the answer -1.742.
WHY DOES FIXED POINT ITERATION HAVE TO
BE IN RADIANS?
The definitions in terms of right angles cannot
be used in general as that requires the angle to
be between 0 and 90 degrees but, in order to
use them as functions we want them defined for
all real numbers.
To use them as a degree
NUMERICAL PROBLEM (IOE)
Find an approximate root of the equation
Solution:
Make sure your Calculator is in Radian.
Given equation becomes ,
X -3 -2.5 -2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2
- 0.49 0.81 0.49 - - -1 - - 0.49 0.81
F(X) 0.57 61 85 62 0.15 0.76 0.76 0.15 62 85
6 8 8
For Positive Root the value lies between 1 and
1.5
ITERATION TABLE
N of X1 X2 F(x1) F(x2) Shift
Iteration
1 1 1.5 -0.15849 0.49625 1.25 X2=x0
2 1 1.25 -0.15849 -0.18627 1.125 “
3 1 1.125 -0.15849 0.015051 1.0625 “
4 1.0625 1.125 -0.071827 -0.0718 1.093750 X1=x0
5 1.093750 1.125 -0.28362 -0.0718 1.10937 “
6 1.10937 1.125 -0.00664 0.00421 1.11719 “
7 1.10937 1.11719 -0.00664 0.004212 1.11328 X2=x0
8 1.11328 1.11719 -0.001218 0.004212 1.11523
REGULA FALSI METHOD
Regula-Falsi Method is numerical method
approach towards finding the roots of a
polynomial expression.
The false-position is defined as the x position
where a line connecting the two boundary points
crosses the axis.
DERIVATION
We choose 2 points Such that x1 and
x0 which has opposite sign.
the graph of y = f(x) crosses the x-
axis between these points
(This indicates that a root lies
between x0 and x1 and consequently
f (x0) .f (x1) < 0.
Equation of the chord joining the
points A[x0, f(x0)] and B[x1, f(x1)] is
When x2 cuts the curve at y = 0.Our equation
becomes
For xr We Can Write as below.
NUMERICAL PROBLEM
Find a real root of the equation x3 -2x- 5= 0
by the method of false position correct to
three decimal places.
Answer :
X
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5
- - - -9 -4 -5 -6 -1 16 51 11
F(X)
12 61 26 0
0
Root lies between 2 and 3 .
N of X0 X1 F(x0) F(x1) (xr) F(xr)
Iteration
1 2 3 -1 16 2.058824 -0.3908
2 2.05882 3 -0.3908 16 2.0813 -
0.146804
3 2.0813 3 - 16 2.0862 -0.09277
0.146804
4 2.0862 3 -0.09277 16 2.0915 -0.034
5 2.0915 3 -0.034 16 2.0934 -0.01284
6 2.0934 3 -0.01284 16 2.0941 -
0.005038
7 2.0941 3 - 16 2.0943
0.005038
ASSIGNMENT
Find the root of the equation cos x = xex
using the regula-falsi method correct to four
decimal places. (8 marks )
Find a real root of the equation x log10x =
1.2 by regula-falsi method correct to four
decimal places. (2 marks )
SECANT METHOD
