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Digital Image Processing

Digital image processing involves processing digital images using a digital computer. It includes improving image quality, analyzing image content, and compressing image data. The key steps in digital image processing are image acquisition, enhancement, restoration, compression, and analysis through techniques like segmentation, representation, and recognition.

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Nishanthi Bheeman
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157 views

Digital Image Processing

Digital image processing involves processing digital images using a digital computer. It includes improving image quality, analyzing image content, and compressing image data. The key steps in digital image processing are image acquisition, enhancement, restoration, compression, and analysis through techniques like segmentation, representation, and recognition.

Uploaded by

Nishanthi Bheeman
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Digital Image Processing (DIP)

Digital Image
• Image: A two-dimensional signal that can be observed
by human visual system
• Digital image – Representation of images by sampling
in time and space
– An image can be defined as a two-dimensional function
f(x,y)
– x,y: Spatial coordinate
– F: the amplitude of any pair of coordinate x,y, which is
called the intensity or gray level of the image at that point.
– x,y and f, are all finite and discrete quantities.
Digital Image
• Pixel: The elements of a digital image.
Digital Image Processing
• Processing of images which are digital in
nature by a digital computer
• Need for image processing
– Improvement of pictorial information for human
perception
– Image processing for autonomous machine
application
– Efficient storage and transmission
Electromagnetic Energy Spectrum
Applications of Digital Image Processing
Gamma Ray Imaging
X- Ray Imaging
Imaging in UV band
Remote Sensing
Satellite Image – Katrina Hurricane – visible
and infrared bands
Automated Visual Inspection
Terrain mapping
Components of an Image Processing System

1. Image Sensors
Two elements are required to acquire digital
images. The first is the physical device that is
sensitive to the energy radiated by the object
we wish to image (Sensor). The second,
called a digitizer, is a device for converting
the output of the physical sensing device into
digital form.
Components of an Image Processing System

2. Specialized Image Processing Hardware


Usually consists of the digitizer, mentioned before, plus
hardware that performs other primitive operations, such as an
arithmetic logic unit (ALU), which performs arithmetic and
logical operations in parallel on entire images.

This type of hardware sometimes is called a front-end


subsystem, and its most distinguishing characteristic is speed.
In other words, this unit performs functions that require fast
data throughputs that the typical main computer cannot
handle.
Components of an Image Processing System

3. Computer
The computer in an image processing system is a general-
purpose computer and can range from a PC to a
supercomputer. In dedicated applications, sometimes specially
designed computers are used to achieve a required level of
performance.
Components of an Image Processing System

4. Image Processing Software


Software for image processing consists of specialized modules
that perform specific tasks. A well-designed package also
includes the capability for the user to write code that, as a
minimum, utilizes the specialized modules.
Components of an Image Processing System

5. Mass Storage Capability


Mass storage capability is a must in a image processing
applications. And image of sized 1024 * 1024 pixels requires
one megabyte of storage space if the image is not compressed.

Digital storage for image processing applications falls into three


principal categories:
1. Short-term storage for use during processing.
2. on line storage for relatively fast recall
3. Archival storage, characterized by infrequent access
Components of an Image Processing System

5. Mass Storage Capability


One method of providing short-term storage is computer memory.
Another is by specialized boards, called frame buffers, that store one or
more images and can be accessed rapidly.

The on-line storage method, allows virtually instantaneous image zoom,


as well as scroll (vertical shifts) and pan (horizontal shifts). On-line
storage generally takes the form of magnetic disks and optical-media
storage. The key factor characterizing on-line storage is frequent access
to the stored data.

Finally, archival storage is characterized by massive storage requirements


but infrequent need for access.
Components of an Image Processing System

6. Image Displays
The displays in use today are mainly color
(preferably flat screen) TV monitors.
Monitors are driven by the outputs of the
image and graphics display cards that are an
integral part of a computer system.
Components of an Image Processing System

7. Hardcopy devices
Used for recording images, include laser
printers, film cameras, heat-sensitive devices,
inkjet units and digital units, such as optical
and CD-Rom disks.
Components of an Image Processing System

8. Networking
Is almost a default function in any computer system,
in use today. Because of the large amount of data
inherent in image processing applications the key
consideration in image transmission is bandwidth.

In dedicated networks, this typically is not a


problem, but communications with remote sites via
the internet are not always as efficient.
Computerized Processes Types
• Low-Level Processes:
– Input and output are images
– Tasks: Primitive operations, such as, image processing to
reduce noise, contrast enhancement and image
sharpening
Computerized Processes Types
• Mid-Level Processes:
– Inputs, generally, are images. Outputs are attributes
extracted from those images (edges, contours, identity
of individual objects)
– Tasks:
• Segmentation (partitioning an image into regions or
objects)
• Description of those objects to reduce them to a form
suitable for computer processing
• Classifications (recognition) of objects
Computerized Processes Types
• High-Level Processes:
– Image analysis and computer vision
Fundamental Steps in Digital Image Processing:
Outputs of these processes generally are images

Wavelets &

Outputs of these processes generally are image attributes


Colour Image Image Morphological
Multiresolution
Processing Compression Processing
processing

Image
Restoration
Segmentation

Image Knowledge Base


Enhancement Representation
& Description

Image
Acquisition Object
Recognition

Problem Domain
Fundamental Steps in DIP: (Description)

Step 1: Image Acquisition


The image is captured by a sensor (eg.
Camera), and digitized if the output of the
camera or sensor is not already in digital form,
using analogue-to-digital convertor
Fundamental Steps in DIP: (Description)

Step 2: Image Enhancement


The process of manipulating an image so that the
result is more suitable than the original for specific
applications.
The idea behind enhancement techniques is to bring
out details that are hidden, or simple to highlight
certain features of interest in an image.
Brightness and contrast enhancement
Image sharpening ( highlights edges and fine details in an
image)
Contrast enhancement
Image sharpening

Original image Sharpened image


Fundamental Steps in DIP: (Description)

Step 3: Image Restoration


- Improving the appearance of an image
- Tend to be mathematical or probabilistic
models. Enhancement, on the other hand, is
based on human subjective preferences regarding
what constitutes a “good” enhancement result.
Noise filtering and deblurring
Denoising
Deblurring
Fundamental Steps in DIP: (Description)

Step 4: Colour Image Processing


Use the colour of the image to extract features
of interest in an image
Extra information to simplify image analysis
(object identification and extraction based on
color)
Fundamental Steps in DIP: (Description)

Step 5: Wavelets
Are the foundation of representing images in
various degrees of resolution. It is used for
image data compression.
Image fusion
De-blurring
Noise filtering
Image fusion
Image fusion
Fundamental Steps in DIP: (Description)

Step 6: Compression
Techniques for reducing the storage required
to save an image or the bandwidth required to
transmit it.
Fundamental Steps in DIP: (Description)

Step 7: Morphological Processing


Tools for extracting image components that
are useful in the representation and
description of shape.

In this step, there would be a transition from


processes that output images, to processes
that output image attributes.
Morphological processing
Morphological processing
Fundamental Steps in DIP: (Description)
Step 8: Image Segmentation
Segmentation procedures partition an image into its constituent parts or
objects.

Important Tip: The more accurate the segmentation, the more likely
recognition is to succeed.
Image segmentation
Fundamental Steps in DIP: (Description)

Step 9: Representation and Description


- Representation: Make a decision whether the data should
be represented as a boundary or as a complete region. It is
almost always follows the output of a segmentation stage.
- Boundary Representation: Focus on external shape
characteristics, such as corners and inflections
- Region Representation: Focus on internal properties,
such as texture or skeleton shape
Fundamental Steps in DIP: (Description)

Step 9: Representation and Description


- Choosing a representation is only part of the solution for
transforming raw data into a form suitable for subsequent
computer processing (mainly recognition)

- Description: also called, feature selection,


deals with extracting attributes that result in
some information of interest.
Fundamental Steps in DIP: (Description)
Step 9: Recognition and Interpretation
Recognition: the process that assigns label to
an object based on the information provided
by its description.
Fundamental Steps in DIP: (Description)

Step 10: Knowledge Base


Knowledge about a problem domain is coded
into an image processing system in the form of
a knowledge database.

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