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Computer Basicss

The operating system provides essential services to programs and users, including program execution, input/output handling, file manipulation, error detection, resource allocation, accounting, and information protection. It interacts with the user through a shell and with hardware through a kernel. The shell translates commands for the kernel, which manages core functions like processes, devices, memory, and files. Device drivers enable communication between hardware devices and the operating system.

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Chhavi Resu
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76 views6 pages

Computer Basicss

The operating system provides essential services to programs and users, including program execution, input/output handling, file manipulation, error detection, resource allocation, accounting, and information protection. It interacts with the user through a shell and with hardware through a kernel. The shell translates commands for the kernel, which manages core functions like processes, devices, memory, and files. Device drivers enable communication between hardware devices and the operating system.

Uploaded by

Chhavi Resu
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Role of Operating System

THE OPERATING SYSTEM PROVIDES CERTAIN SERVICES TO PROGRAMS


AND TO THE USERS OF THE PROGRAMS. SOME COMMON SERVICES
PROVIDED BY OPERATING SYSTEM CAN BE LISTED AS FOLLOWS:
1.PROGRAM EXECUTION - THE OPERATING SYSTEM IS RESPONSIBLE FOR EXECUTING
VARIOUS PROGRAMS WHETHER USER PROGRAMS OR SYSTEM PROGRAMS I.E. SPECIAL
PROGRAMS REQUIRED FOR THE MACHINE FUNCTIONING.

2.HANDLING INPUT/OUTPUT DEVICES - THE OPERATING SYSTEM IS RESPONSIBLE FOR


HANDLING VARIOUS TYPES OF INPUTS (E.G., INPUT FROM KEYBOARD, INPUT FROM MOUSE, ETC.) AND
VARIOUS TYPES OF OUTPUTS IN THE APPROPRIATE MANNER.

3.MANIPULATION OF FILE SYSTEM - THIS TASK INVOLVES THE MAKING OF DECISIONS


REGARDING THE STORAGE OF FILES I.E., WHERE(WHETHER ON HARD DISK OR FLASH DRIVE ETC.) AND
HOW A PARTICULAR FILE IS TO BE STORED.

4.ERROR DETECTION AND HANDLING -THE OPERATING SYSTEM IS ALSO RESPONSIBLE FOR
DETECTING ANY TYPE OF ERROR THAT OCCURS AND THEN PROPERLY HANDLING IT.

5. RESOURCE ALLOCATION – THIS TASK AIMS AT PROPER USE OF RESOURCES AVAILABLE. FOR
EXAMPLE ,IF MULTIPLE FILES ARE TO PRINTED THEN “HOW AND IN WHICH ORDER THIS TASK WILL
TAKE PLACE?” WILL BE DECIDED BY THE OPERATING SYSTEM.
6. ACCOUNTING – THE OPERATING SYSTEM KEEPS AN ACCOUNT OF WHAT TYPE OF
FUNCTIONING IS TAKING PLACE AND TYPE OF ERRORS.

7. INFORMATION AND RESOURCE PROTECTION – THE OPERATING SYSTEM IS


RESPONSIBLE FOR ENSURING THAT THE INFORMATION AND RESOURCES AVAILABLE ON MACHINE
ARE USED IN THE CORRECT WAY. THE OPERATING SYSTEM FOILS THE ATTEMPTS TO USE THEM
INCORRECTLY.

ALL THESE SERVICES ARE ENSURED BY THE FUNCTIONS PROVIDED BY AN OPERATING SYSTEM.
THE FUNCTIONS OFFERED BY DIFFERENT OPERATING SYSTEM DIFFER FROM ONE OS TO ANOTHER,
BUT MORE OR LESS THEY PROVIDE THE SAME SERVICES. THESE OS FUNCTIONS ARE OFFERED FOR
THE CONVENIENCE OF THE PROGRAMMER, TO MAKE THE PROGRAMMING TASK EASIER.

8. PROVIDING USER INTERFACE – A USER INTERFACE REFERS TO THE WAY AN OPERATING


SYSTEM INTERACTS WITH ITS USERS.
>>THE OPERATING SYSTEM INTERACTS WITH THE USER AT ONE END AND WITH THE HARDWARE
TO GET THE WORK DONE. THUS OPERATING SYSTEM HAS BROADLY THESE COMPONENTS: SHELL
AND KERNEL.
Operating system- Shell and Kernel
THE SHELL(INTERACTS WITH THE USER)-
THE SHELL ACTS AS THE INTERPRETER WHICH DOES THESE THINGS:
i. GET THE COMMANDS/INSTRUCTIONS FROM THE USER.
ii. TRANSLATE THE RECEIVED COMMANDS/INSTRUCTIONS INTO THE MACHINE LANGUAGE.
iii. PASS THE TRANSLATED COMMAND TO THE KERNEL TO GET IT DONE.

THE KERNEL(INTERACTS WIT HARDWARE)-


A KERNEL IS THE CORE PART OF AN OS. IT FUNCTIONS AT A BASIC LEVEL
COMMUNICATING WITH THE ACTUAL HARDWARE AND MANAGING RESOURCES,
SUCH AS CPU AND THE MEMORY.
IT WORKS AS AN INTERFACE BETWEEN THE USER APPLICATIONS AND THE
HARDWARE.
THE ROLE OF A KERNEL IS TO MANAGE COMMUNICATION BETWEEN USER LEVEL
APPLICATIONS AND HARDWARE. SO, IT IS RESPONSIBLE FOR CARRYING OUT
IMPORTANT OS TASKS LIKE:
• PROCESS MANAGEMENT
• DEVICE I/O MANAGEMENT
• INTERRUPT AND EVENT HANDLING
• MEMORY MANAGEMENT‘
• TIMER MANAGEMENT
• FILE SYSTEM
>>IF A SINGLE MODULE CARRIES OUT ALL ABOVE MENTIONED TASKS OF KERNEL, IT IS CALLED
MONOLITHIC KERNEL.
>>IF A KERNEL CONTAINS MINIMALISTIC MODULE FOR BASIC FUNCTIONS ONLY AND GETS OTHER
SERVICES DONE THROUGH SEPARATELY WRITTEN SPECIALIZED SOFTWARE, THEN THIS TYPE OF
KERNEL IS CALLED MICROKERNEL.
Device Drivers
AN OS HAS A PART THAT CAN DEAL WITH AND INTERACT WITH THE HARDWARE. APART FROM
MOTHERBOARD THERE ARE MANY OTHER HARDWARE DEVICES THAT ARE ATTACHED FROM
OUTSIDE.
TO INTERACT WITH ANY TYPE OF HARDWARE DEVICE, THE OPERATING SYSTEM’S KERNEL NEEDS
TO SPEAK TO IT IN A WAY IT CAN UNDERSTAND. EVERY DEVICE IS UNIQUE AND WORKS IN A
UNIQUE WAY. THUS TO HELP AN OPERATING SYSTE INTERACT WITH IT, EVERY DEVICE COMES
WITH A SPECIALLY WRITTEN PROGRAM CALLED DEVICE DRIVER.A DEVICE DRIVER IS A GROUP OF
FILES THAT ENABLE ONE OR MORE HARDWARE DEVICES TO COMMUNICATE WITH THE
COMPUTER’S OPERATING SYSTEM.
WITHOUT THE DRIVER FILE, THE COMPUTER WILL BE UNABLE TO COMMUNICATE WITH THE
DEVICE.
>>EACH HARDWARE DEVICE INSTALLED ON A COMPUTER REQUIRES A DIFFERENT TYPE OF
DEVICE DRIVER .THE DEVICE DRIVER PROVIDES SPECIFIC INSTRUCTIONS TO THE OS IN ORDER
FOR THE HARDWARE DEVICE TO PERFORM PROPERLY.

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