University of the Philippines Cebu College
Object-Oriented
Programming
Using JAVA
Java Programming Language Version1.0
University of the Philippines Cebu College
Course Overview
This course covers the following areas:
• Fundamentals of the Java programming
language.
• Object-oriented concepts in Java.
• Graphical user interface (GUI) programming.
• Introduction to Multi-threading.
Java Programming Language Version1.0
University of the Philippines Cebu College
What is Java?
Java is just a small, simple, safe,
object-oriented, interpreted or dynamically
optimized, byte-coded, architecture-
neutral, garbage-collected, multithreaded
programming language with a strongly
typed exception-handling mechanism for
writing distributed, dynamically extensible
programs.
Java Programming Language Version1.0
University of the Philippines Cebu College
Small, simple, safe and garbage collected
• C++ minus (pointers and memory
management have been omitted; operator
overloading and multiple inheritance have
been omitted)
• garbage collector automatically frees unused
memory
• strict type checking mechanism (most errors
are detected at compile time)
Java Programming Language Version1.0
University of the Philippines Cebu College
Interpreted, byte-coded, architecture neutral
Java Source
filename.java
javac filename.java
Java ByteCode
Filename.class
java filename
VM Java VM Java VM Java
NT Unix OS/2
Java Programming Language Version1.0
University of the Philippines Cebu College
The Java Virtual Machine
• Provides hardware platform specifications
• Reads compiled byte codes that are platform
independent
• Is implemented as software or hardware
• Is implemented in a Java technology
development tool or a Web browser
Java Programming Language Version1.0
University of the Philippines Cebu College
The Java Virtual Machine
• JVM provides definitions for the:
Instruction set
Register set
Class file format
Stack
Garbage-collected heap
Memory area
Java Programming Language Version1.0
University of the Philippines Cebu College
JVM
JAVA API
Class files Class Loader Class files
bytecodes
Execution Engine
Native functions/methods
Operating System
Java Programming Language Version1.0
University of the Philippines Cebu College
Class Loader
Method Heap Stack Registers Constant
Area Pool
Runtime Data Areas
Execution Engine
Java Programming Language Version1.0
University of the Philippines Cebu College
Two types of Java programs
Applets are programs written in Java
programming language that reside on WWW
servers, are downloaded by a browser to a
client’s system, and are run by that browser.
Applications are standalone programs that do
not require a Web browser to execute. They are
typically general-purpose programs that run on
any machine where the Java runtime
environment (JRE) is installed.
Java Programming Language Version1.0
University of the Philippines Cebu College
Sample Java Application
public class MyFirst {
public static void main(String[] args) {
System.out.println("Hello participants!");
}
}
Java Programming Language Version1.0
University of the Philippines Cebu College
Sample Java Applet
import java.applet.*;
import java.awt.*;
public class MyFirstApplet extends Applet {
public void paint(Graphics g) {
g.drawString("Hello participants!",50,50);
}
}
Java Programming Language Version1.0
University of the Philippines Cebu College
GETTING STARTED WITH JAVA
• The Java Developer’s Kit
• The Java API
Java Programming Language Version1.0
University of the Philippines Cebu College
public class MyFirst {
public static void main(String[] args) {
System.out.println(“Hello world!”);
}
}
Java Programming Language Version1.0
University of the Philippines Cebu College
Java Tokens
Identifiers
Keywords
Literals
Separators
Operators
Comments
Java Programming Language Version1.0
University of the Philippines Cebu College
Identifiers
- either reserved words or titles given to variables, methods,
and component elements of classes.
- can be named anything as long as they begin with an
alphabet, a dollar sign or an underscore
- the more descriptive the identifier, the better
- case sensitive.
Java Programming Language Version1.0
University of the Philippines Cebu College
Keywords
- are reserved words, meaning they cannot be used in
any way other than how Java intends for them to be
used.
- these special tokens are always in lowercase.
- these are used as application flow controls,
declarations, class identifiers, and expressions.
Reserved Words in Java
Declaration Keywords
boolean float
byte int
char long
double short
Java Programming Language Version1.0
University of the Philippines Cebu College
Loop Keywords
break
continue
do
for
while
Conditional Keywords
case
else
if
switch
Exception Keywords
catch
finally
throw
try
Java Programming Language Version1.0
University of the Philippines Cebu College
Structure Keywords
abstract implements
class instanceof
default interface
extends
Modifier and Access Methods
final static
native synchronized
new threadsafe
private transient
protected void
public
Java Programming Language Version1.0
University of the Philippines Cebu College
Miscellaneous Keywords
false return
import super
null this
package true
Byvalue inner
Cast operator
Const outer
Future rest
Generic var
goto
Java Programming Language Version1.0
University of the Philippines Cebu College
Literals
- represent data in Java, and are based on character and
number representations.
- types of literals : integer, floating-point, boolean, character,
and string.
- every variable consists of a literal and a data type; the
difference between the two is that literals are entered
explicitly into the code, while data types are information
about how much room will be reserved in memory for such
variable, as well as possible value ranges.
Types of Literals
1. Integer Literals
- whole numbers such as 8 and 1930.
- can either be decimal(base 10), octal (base 8) or
hexadecimal (base 16).
- can be positive, zero or negative.
Java Programming Language Version1.0
University of the Philippines Cebu College
Integer Literal Types
a. Decimal Literals
- decimal literals cannot start with 0, as in 02364, because
numbers beginning with 0 are reserved for octal and
hex literals.
- decimal literals : any combination from 0-9.
b. Octal Literals
- start with 0 and can be followed by any number 0-7.
c. Hex Literals
- start with 0x or 0X, followed by one or more hex digits.
- letters A-F in hex integer can either be in upper or lower case.
- values available : 1-9, A-F, and 1-f.
Java Programming Language Version1.0
University of the Philippines Cebu College
2. Floating-Point Literals
- represents a number that has a decimal point in it such as 4.8
Single-Precision Floating Point Numbers
- consist of a 32-bit space and are designated by uppercase
or lowercase f.
Double-Precision Floating Point Numbers
- consist of a 64-bit space and are designated by uppercase
or lowercase d.
- by default, unless specified, compiler assumes double-precision.
- therefore 4.8, is a double-precision floating-point number, and
4.8f is a single-precision floating-point number.
Java Programming Language Version1.0
University of the Philippines Cebu College
When to use Single-Precision or Double-Precision Floats ?
- it depends on the size of the number, like if there’s a
room to grow out of range or there’s a need of
greater precision, declare it double.
- compile-time errors occur if a nonzero float literal is out
of range.
Range :
Single-Precision : ±1.40239846e-45f to ±3.40282347e+38f
Double-Precision: 4.94065645841246544e-324 to
±1.79769313486231570e+308
- Floating-point numbers can also be expressed using
exponents using uppercase or lowercase e, and
scientific notations.
Example : 2.1e3f = 2100
Java Programming Language Version1.0
University of the Philippines Cebu College
Boolean Literals
- either of the words true or false.
- unlike other programming language, you cannot
alternate numeric values such any nonzero for true
and zero(0) for false.
- Booleans are used extensively in control flow logic.
Java Programming Language Version1.0
University of the Philippines Cebu College
Character Literals
- programmers often use single character as a value,
and in Java, this is represented by character literals.
- value : character enclosed in single quotes like ‘j’
- values such as a single quote, backslash, or other
nonprintable characters are preceded by a
backslash(\) to be part of the command.
Example : to characterize the single quote
--> ‘\’’
Java Programming Language Version1.0
University of the Philippines Cebu College
Specifying Character Literals
Description or Escape Sequence Output
Sequence
Any character 'y' y
Backspace(BS) '\b' Backspace
Horizontal tab (HT) '\t' Tab
Linefeed(LF) '\n' Linefeed
Formfeed(FF) '\f' Form feed
Carriage return (CR) '\r' Carriage return
Double quote '\"' "
Single quote '\'' '
Backslash '\\' \
Octal bit pattern '\ddd' Octal value of ddd
Hex bit pattern '\xdd' Hex value of ddd
Unicode character '\udddd' Actual unicode character
of dddd
Java Programming Language Version1.0
University of the Philippines Cebu College
String Literals
- sequence of characters enclosed in double quotes such
as “Hello World !!!”, or even a “” for a null
character string.
- can be concatenated.
Example :
“This is the beginning“ -- one string
“ of a new relationship.” -- another string
“This is the beginning” + “ of a new relationship.”
- As with character literals, the backslash is used to denote
symbols that otherwise would not work.
Example : the double quote is represented by
Java Programming Language --> “\”” Version1.0
University of the Philippines Cebu College
Separators
- Java uses the following separators :
() [] {} ; , .
- compiler uses these to divide the code into segments.
- can also be used to force arithmetic precedence
evaluation within an expression.
- as known, these are useful for visual and logical
locators for programmers.
Java Programming Language Version1.0
University of the Philippines Cebu College
Operators
- are symbols used for arithmetic and logical operations.
- operators except the plus sign (+), are used only for
arithmetic calculations. The + operator can be used
in strings literal concatenation.
Java Arithmetic Operators
Operator Operation Example
+ Addition a + b
- Subtraction a - b
* Multiplication a * B
/ Division a / b
% Modulus a % b
Java Programming Language Version1.0
University of the Philippines Cebu College
Java Assignment Operators
Operator Operation Example Meaning
= Assign value a = 8 a = 8
+= Add to current variable a += b a = a + b
-= Subtract from current a -= b a = a - b
*= Multiply current a *= b a = a * b
/= Divide current a /= b a = a / b
%= Modulus current a %= b a = a % b
Java Increment and Decrement Operators
Operator Operation Example Meaning
++ Increment by 1 a++ or ++a a = a + 1
Decrement by 1 a-- or --a a = a - 1
--
Java Programming Language Version1.0
University of the Philippines Cebu College
Java comparison operators (which return true or false)
Operator Operation Example Meaning
== Equal A == b Is a equal to b ?
!= Not equal A != b Is a not equal to
b?
< Less than A < b Is a less than b?
> Greater than A > b Is a greater than
b?
<= Less than or A <= b Is a less than or
equal equal to b?
>= Greater than or A >= b Is a greater than
equal or equal to b?
Java Programming Language Version1.0
University of the Philippines Cebu College
Java Bitwise Operators
Operator Operation
& Bitwise AND
| Bitwise OR
^ Bitwise XOR
<< Left Shift
>> Right Shift
>>> Zero fill right shift
~ Bitwise complement
<<= Left shift assignment
>>= Right shift assignment
>>>= Zero fill right shift assignment
x&=y AND assignment
X|=y OR assignment
x^=y XOR assignment
Java Programming Language Version1.0
University of the Philippines Cebu College
Logical Operators
! for NOT
Short circuit boolean operators
&& for AND
((a >=b) && (b>=c))
|| for OR
((a>=b) || (b >= c))
Java Programming Language Version1.0
University of the Philippines Cebu College
Right-Shift Operators >> and >>>
•Arithmetic or signed right shift (>>) is used as follows:
128 >> 1 returns 128/21 = 64
256 >> 4 returns 256/24 = 16
-256 >> 4 returns -256/24 = -16
The sign bit is copied during the shift.
A logical or unsigned right-shift operator (>>>) is:
Used for bit patterns.
The sign bit is not copied during the shift.
Java Programming Language Version1.0
University of the Philippines Cebu College
Left-Shift Operator (<<)
•Left-shift works as follows:
128 << 1 returns 128 * 21 = 256
16 << 2 returns 16 * 22 = 64
Java Programming Language Version1.0
StringUniversity of With
Concatenation the +Philippines Cebu College
The + operator:
Performs String concatenation
Produces a new String:
String salutation = "Dr.";
String name = "Pete" + " " + "Seymour";
String title = salutation + " " + name;
One argument must be a String object.
Non-strings are converted to String objects
automatically.
Java Programming Language Version1.0
University of the Philippines Cebu College
Comment Indicators
Start Text End Comment
/* Text */
/** Text */
// Text (everything to the end of the
line is ignored by the
compiler)
Java Programming Language Version1.0
University of the Philippines Cebu College
Primitive Data Types
- can only have one value at a time, they cannot
reference other data or indicate sequence in a
group
of data.
- simplest built-in forms of data in Java.
Primitive Data Type Keywords
boolean
byte
char
int
float
double
long
short
Java Programming Language Version1.0
University of the Philippines Cebu College
Integer Data Type Ranges
Type Length Minimum Value Maximum Value
byte 8 bits -128 127
short 16 bits -32768 32767
int 32 bits -2147483648 147483647
long 64 bits -9223372036854775808 9223372036854775807
Note : During operations, on special cases Java expands
smaller integer to the same length in memory
of the larger integer, and the resulting value
will follow the format of the larger integer.
Java Programming Language Version1.0
University of the Philippines Cebu College
char Data Types
- 16 bit unsigned integer that represents a Unicode value.
Floating Point Data Types
float
- 32 bit floating-point number.
double
- 64 bit floating-point number.
boolean Data Types
- 1-bit logical quantity.
Java Programming Language Version1.0
University of the Philippines Cebu College
Reference Data Types
- are sequence or identifiers that point to dynamically
allocated objects.
Reference vs Primitive Data Type
- contains the address of a value, rather than the
value itself.
Advantage
- can contain addresses that point to a collection of other
data types.
Types
1. Array
2. Class
3. Interface
Java Programming Language Version1.0
University of the Philippines Cebu College
Casting
If information might be lost in an assignment, the
programmer must confirm the assignment with a cast.
The assignment between long and int requires an explicit
cast.
long bigValue = 99L;
int squashed = bigValue; // Wrong, needs a cast
int squashed = (int) bigValue; // OK
int squashed = 99L; // Wrong, needs a cast
int squashed = (int) 99L; // OK, but...
int squashed = 99; // default integer literal
Java Programming Language Version1.0
University of the Philippines Cebu College
Promotion and Casting of Expressions
Variables are automatically promoted to a longer form
(such as int to long).
Expression is assignment-compatible if the variable type is
at least as large (the same number of bits) as the
expression type.
long bigval = 6; // 6 is an int type, OK
int smallval = 99L; // 99L is a long, illegal
double z = 12.414F; // 12.414F is float, OK
float z1 = 12.414; // 12.414 is double, illegal
Java Programming Language Version1.0
University of the Philippines Cebu College
Expression Evaluation Order
- Java evaluates from LEFT to RIGHT
Precedence Rules
Highest Lowest
[] ()
-- ! ~ instanceof
new (type) expression
* / %
+ -
<< >> >>>
< > <= >=
== !=
&
^
&&
||
?:
= Op=
Java Programming Language Version1.0
University of the Philippines Cebu College
Sample Declarations
Integer types
byte byteVar; //8 bits
short shortVar; //16 bits
int intVar; //32 bits
long longVar; //64 bits
Floating-Point Types
float floatVar; //32 bits
double doubleVar; //64 bits
Character Types
char charVar1; //holds one character
char charVar2 = ‘y’; //declares variable
//
and assigns y to it
Java Programming Language Version1.0
University of the Philippines Cebu College
Arrays
char myCharArray[]; //one-dimensional array
char twoDimArray[][]; //two-dimensional array
int integerArray[]; //one-dimensional array of integers
int[]integerArray; //equivalent to integerArray[];
Java Programming Language Version1.0
University of the Philippines Cebu College
Sample Operations
Unary Operations
myHeight++; //myHeight is incremented by 1
myWeight--; //myWeight is decremented by 1
Assignment Operations
a = 5; //assigns 5 to a
a -= 7; //assigns a-7 to a
a +=8 //assigns a+8 to a
a /=4 //assigns a/4 to a
Binary Operations
c = b + 5; // b+5 is the binary operation
Arithmetic Operations
a = c / b + (45*a/d) - 283
Java Programming Language Version1.0
University of the Philippines Cebu College
Control Flow
- instructs the program how to make a decision and how
further processing should proceed based on the decision.
Building Blocks of Control Flow
( , ) , if , while , do, for, switch
- each of these can be used to control how your
program executes by determining the result of your
conditional expression.
Java Programming Language Version1.0
University of the Philippines Cebu College
Blocks and Statements
Statement
- is a line of code ending in a semicolon.
- can either be an expression, a method call, or an declaration.
Block
- is a group of statements that form a single compound stmt.
- { } collects statements into one group
Java Programming Language Version1.0
University of the Philippines Cebu College
Conditional Expressions
- are used to evaluate whether a condition is true or false
and will branch out to different sections of code on the
basis of the answer.
if construct
if (expression) statement;
if (expression) {
statement(s);
}
Java Programming Language Version1.0
University of the Philippines Cebu College
Sample if Statement
int number=10;
if ( (number % 2) == 0) {
System.out.println(“even”);
}
else {
System.out.println(“odd”);
}
Java Programming Language Version1.0
University of the Philippines Cebu College
switch construct
- a variation of the if statement is the switch statement, which
performs a multi-way branch instead of a simple binary
branch.
Form :
switch (expression) {
case value : statement(s);
break;
case value : statement(s);
break;
. . . . . . .
default : statement(s);
break;
}
Java Programming Language Version1.0
University of the Philippines Cebu College
Sample switch Statement
static void ParseChar (char KeyboardChar) {
switch (KeyboardChar) {
case ‘l’: System.out.println(“left”);
break;
case ‘r’: System.out.println(“right”);
break;
case ‘q’: //note no break here, falls through
case ‘\n’: break;
case ‘h’ : //note no break here either
default :
System.out.println(“Syntax: (l)eft, (r)ight, (q)uit”);
System.out.println(“Please enter a valid character”);
break;
}
}
Java Programming Language Version1.0
University of the Philippines Cebu College
Looping Expressions
- generally continues to loop through a section of code until
a certain condition is met.
- conditions are checked before or after executing code
sections depending on the loop construct used.
while loops
Form:
while ( expression ) statement;
or
while ( expression ) {
statement(s);
}
Java Programming Language Version1.0
University of the Philippines Cebu College
Sample while loop
public static long factorial(int n) {
long prod = 1;
int i = 1;
while ( i <= n ) {
prod *= i++;
}
return prod;
}
Java Programming Language Version1.0
University of the Philippines Cebu College
do-while loops
Form:
do statement; while ( expression) ;
or
do {
statement(s);
}while (expression) ;
Java Programming Language Version1.0
University of the Philippines Cebu College
Sample do-while loop
public static long factorial(int n) {
long prod = 1;
int i = 1;
do {
prod *= i++;
} while ( i <= n);
return prod;
}
Java Programming Language Version1.0
University of the Philippines Cebu College
for loops
Form:
for (initialization; expression; modification)
statement;
or
for (initialization; expression; modification) {
statement(s);
Java Programming Language Version1.0
University of the Philippines Cebu College
Sample for loop
public static long factorial(int n) {
long prod = 1;
for (int i=1; i <= n; i++) {
prod *= i;
}
return prod;
}
Java Programming Language Version1.0
University of the Philippines Cebu College
break
- used to break out of the middle of for, while, or do loop.
Sample Code :
for (int index=0; index < ArraySize; index++) {
if (Array[index] < 0) {
System.out.println(“ERROR: Negative number, index =“ + ix);
break;
}
ProcessArray(Array[index]);
}
Java Programming Language Version1.0
University of the Philippines Cebu College
continue
- can be used to short-circuit parts of a for, do, or while loop.
Sample Code :
for (int index=0; index < ArraySize; index++) {
if (Array[index] < 0) {
System.out.println(“ERROR: Negative number, index =“ + ix);
continue;
}
ProcessArray(Array[index]);
}
Java Programming Language Version1.0
University of the Philippines Cebu College
Using break with labels: Using continue with labels:
outer: test:
do do
{ {
statement; statement;
do { do{
statement; statement;
if (boolean expression) if (condition is true)
{ {
break outer; continue test;
} }
statement; statement;
} while (boolean expression); } while (condition is true);
statement; statement;
} while (boolean expression); } while (condition is true);
Java Programming Language Version1.0
