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Data Collection Instruments

This document discusses methods of primary data collection through observation. It describes two types of observation: participative and non-participative. [1] Participative observation involves the researcher disguising themselves and becoming a member of the group to gain access to information and observe context. [2] However, it risks selective perception and narrow experiences from the researcher's perspective. [3] Non-participative observation does not require disguising and discloses the study purpose, keeping a distance to avoid direct contact but lacks advantages of participative observation.

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Khanal Nilambar
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28 views5 pages

Data Collection Instruments

This document discusses methods of primary data collection through observation. It describes two types of observation: participative and non-participative. [1] Participative observation involves the researcher disguising themselves and becoming a member of the group to gain access to information and observe context. [2] However, it risks selective perception and narrow experiences from the researcher's perspective. [3] Non-participative observation does not require disguising and discloses the study purpose, keeping a distance to avoid direct contact but lacks advantages of participative observation.

Uploaded by

Khanal Nilambar
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Methods of Primary data collection

a) Observation Method

In this method, researcher records the respondent's


overt behavior, taking note of the physical conditions
and events.

Observations are of two types:

 Participative

 Non-participative

In Participative observation the researcher disguises


and as a member of the group being observed.

The researcher also finds a suitable role in the group.


Wednesday, August 19, 2020
Merits of participative observation

Access to information: The researcher is part of the


group being observed. In such a situation he/she can
record the natural behavior of the respondent or
group of respondents. As an insider, the researcher
has access to information which is not generally
available to an outsider.

Contextual response: The researcher will be


observing the whole event. Thus, he/she can record
the context in which the respondents' express their
opinion.

Validity: The researcher stays with the group for a


prolonged time period and therefore, he/she has
ample time to cross check the truth of the
respondent’s statements.
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Demerits of participative observation

Selective perception of the researcher: influenced


by the researcher's background, value system, past
experience and personality.

Narrow circle: The researcher often narrows down


his/her range of experience by taking a particular
position within the group, with a definite friendship
circle.

Non-representative behavior of the respondents.

Subjectivity: The researcher often participates


emotionally and loses the objectivity factor in
scientific observation.
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Non-participative Observation

Non-participative observation is not disguised.

The researcher discloses the purpose of his/her study


to the individuals whom he/she is going to observe.

The researcher avoids direct contact with the


respondents and records the respondents' actions
and behavior by keeping a reasonable distance from
the respondents.

This method neither has the advantages nor has the


problems of the participative observation.

This method is suitable only when the overt behaviors


of the respondents are to be observed.
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Observational tools
Non-mechanical tools

Observation diary

Checklist

Mechanical tools

Camera

Audio and video recorders

Electric scanners

Counting machines

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