Theories on the

Origin of the
Universe
The Universe:
The Universe:
 The Galaxies
Milky Way and the
other galaxies
 The Galaxies
Milky Way and the other galaxies

The Milky Way Galaxy

Diameter: 100,000 light years

The Large Magellanic Cloud Galaxy

Diameter: 14,000 light years

Distance: 158,000 light years
 The Galaxies
Milky Way and the other galaxies

The Andromeda galaxy

Diameter: 220,000 light

years
Distance: 2,500,000 light years

Cigar Galaxy

Diameter: 37,000 light

years
Distance: 11,500,000 light years
The Earth and the Solar System
Milky Way and the other galaxies

Pinwheel Galaxy

Diameter: 170,000 light years

Distance: 20,870,000 light years

Sombrero Galaxy

Diameter: 50,000 light years

Distance: 29,350,000 light years
The Earth and the Solar System
Milky Way and the other galaxies
Whirlpool Galaxy

Diameter: 60,000 light years

Distance: 30,000,000 light years

NGC 1300 Galaxy

Diameter: 110,000 light years

Distance: 61,000,000 light years
The Earth and the Solar System
Milky Way and the other galaxies
 The Earth and the Solar System
Milky Way and the other galaxies
 The Earth and the Solar System
Milky Way and the other galaxies
 The Earth and the Solar System
Observatories and Telescope
 The Earth and the Solar System
Observatories and Telescope
 The Earth and the Solar System
Observatories and Telescope
Mount Stromlo Observatory is situated at an elevation of 768
meters (2,520 feet) on Mount Stromlo, 10 km (6 miles) west of
Canberra, Australia . It was founded in 1924 as a centre for solar
studies but shifted its emphasis in the 1940s to stellar astronomy.
Its main telescope is a 1.9-metre (74-inch) reflector.
 The Earth and the Solar System
Observatories and Telescope
United States
1. Kitt Peak National Observatory
2. Large Binocular Telescope Observatory
3. Lick Observatory
4. Mauna Kea Observatory
• Gemini Observatory
• Keck Observatory
• Subaru Telescope
5. McDonald Observatory
6. Mount Wilson Observatory
7. National Radio Astronomy Observatory
8. Palomar Observatory
9. United States Naval Observatory
10. Yerkes Observatory
 The Earth and the Solar System
World’s largest radio telescope will search for dark matter, listen for aliens.

DAWODANG, CHINA—In a stunning landscape of

rough limestone hills in southwestern China

• a half-kilometer-wide dish nestled in a natural

depression that will gather radio signals from the
cosmos.
•The world’s largest radio telescope will catalog
pulsars(small dense star); probe gravitational
waves, dark matter, and fast radio bursts; and listen
for transmissions from alien civilizations.
The Earth and the Solar System
The Universe
is composed of

Galaxies containing stars

such as

Milky Way
made of

solar systems
composed of

asteroids planets sun

 The Earth and the Solar System
planets

Terrestrial planets are Gas giant

categorize
into

Mercury Venus Earth Mars Jupiter Saturn Uranus Neptune

Lithosphere Atmosphere Hydrosphere Biosphere

 The Earth and the Solar System
Theories on the Origin of the Universe
To describe the origin and structure humans use religion

• The narrative from Genesis, describe how God separated light

from darkness, created sky, land, sea, moon, stars, and even living
creatures in span of six days.
• The Hindu text Rigveda, describe the
universe as an oscillating universe in which
a “cosmic egg” or brahmanda containing
the whole universe.
 The Earth and the Solar System
Theories on the Origin of the Universe
To describe the origin and structure humans philosophers
Greek philosophers
Leucippus and Democritus believed in an atomic universe. They
held that the universe was composed of very small, indivisible and
indestructible atoms.
Aristotle and Ptolemy proposed a geocentric universe where
Earth stayed motionless in heaven everything revolving around it.
Nicolaus Copernicus in his theory of heliocentrism demonstrate
that the motion of the celestial objects can be explained without
putting Earth in the center of the universe.
Giordano Bruno Italian philosopher suggested that even the solar
system is not the universe it is merely a star system.
 The Earth and the Solar System
Theories on the Origin of the Universe
To describe the origin and structure humans philosophers
Sir Isaac Newton described the universe as a static, steady-
state, infinite universe. Matter on a large scale is uniformly
distributed , gravitationally balanced but essentially unstable.
Rene Descartes a French philosopher outlined a cartesian
vortex. A huge swirling whirlpools of fine matter producing
gravitational effects.
Albert Einstein same with Newton’s static, dynamically stable
universe, which neither expanding nor contracting. And later
counteract through theory of relativity, where massive object
cause a distortion in space-time, which is felt as gravity.
 The Earth and the Solar System
Modern Theories on the Origin of the Universe
Big Bang Theory
• current accepted model on the formation of the universe.
 it describes the universe as expanding, having originated from
infinitely tiny, infinitely dense point around 14 billion years ago.
 the theory credited to Belgian Roman Catholic priest Georges
Lemaitre 1927.
supported by Edwin Hubble’s demonstration of the
continuously expanding universe through his observation of
galactic red shifts in 1929. Red shift and blue shift describe how light
changes as objects in space (such as stars or galaxies) move closer or farther
away from us. The concept is key to charting the universe's expansion. Visible
light is a spectrum of colors

Arno Penzias and Robert Wilson 1965 cosmic microwave

background radiation
 The Earth and the Solar System
Modern Theories on the Origin of the Universe
Big Bang Theory
 was a violent explosion caused the inflation and expansion of
the universe.
 the fundamental forced were formed
• Gravity (attraction between two bodies)
• Electromagnetic field (binds atoms into molecules)
• Strong nuclear force (binds protons and neutrons together in
the nucleus)
• Weak nuclear force (breaks down an atom’s nucleus and produces
radioactive decay)
 The Earth and the Solar System
Modern Theories on the Origin of the Universe
Oscillating Universe
 Albert Einstein’s favored model after rejecting his own original model.
 the oscillating universe followed the general theory of relativity

Steady State Theory

Astronomers Fred Hoyle, Thomas Gold, and Hermann Bondi
predicted a universe as it expanded but did not change its density.
Inflationary Universe
 American physicist Alan Guth proposed a period of exponential
inflation in order to solve the uncertainties of the standard big bang
model, such as horizon and flatness problem.
Multiverse
 Russian-American physicist Aldrei Linde developed the concept of
inflation theory in 1983, the theory sees the universe as one of the
many “bubbles” that grew as a part of a multiverse.
 The Origin of the Solar System
Encounter Hypothesis
 A rogue star passed close to the sun and stripped materials from both
the sun and the rogue star. ROGUE STAR is a star that has escaped the
gravitational pull of its home galaxy and is moving independently
Nebular Hypothesis
 States that the entire Solar System
started as a large cloud of a gas that
contracted due to self-gravity.
Protoplanet Hypothesis
 It is built on the concept of nebular
hypothesis and the concept based on
new knowledge on the fluid and
states of matter.
The Origin of the Solar System
Protoplanet Hypothesis
According to the hypothesis Solar System
began with the fragment from an interstellar
cloud composed mainly of hydrogen, helium,
and trace amounts of light elements .
From:
• Fragments of interstellar clouds then
formed dense central region of the solar
nebula and evolved into the sun.
• gravitational instabilities many small
particles built up to larger asteroid-sized
called planetisimals.
•Planetisimals grew in size due to
gravitational attraction forming moon-
sized bodies that would later become
planets.
1.3 Life on Earth
Earth-as dust-sized particles
 Is the only planet that can
sustain life.
 Earth includes the presence of
liquid water, available heat
source, and the existence of an
atmosphere.
Liquid Water
 the presence of water allowed
the first photosynthetic organisms
to flourish.
Organisms used sunlight, carbon  two possible sources: water
dioxide, and water to produce released through volcanism and
biomass and oxygen—essential water came from the icy meteors
component of the atmosphere. bombarded Earth.
1.3 Life on Earth
Heat Source
two source of heat:
1. internal heating of the earth
 from radioactive decay of materials in
the core and mantle,
and extruded via active tectonic
activities , such as volcanism and plate
movement.
2. external heating from the sun
Heat provided by the sun
in form of radiation.
1.3 Life on Earth
Atmosphere
is a vital part in photosynthesis because atmosphere
is capable of providing heat like greenhouse.
photosynthesis ensures the adequate
amount and flow of gases on earth
The existence of atmosphere on the planet is due to
its gravity which pulls atmosphere from being
carried away by solar radiation, and volcanism on
Earth.
1.4 Earth’s Subsystems
The Earth is a system consisting of four major interacting components:

• the Lithosphere (aka: geosphere)

• the Hydrosphere
• the Biosphere
• the Atmosphere
Lithosphere
refers to the solid Earth.
It is composed of:
naturally-occurring solid aggregate of minerals,
organic mineral or natural glass called rocks
loose particles of rocks that blankets the Earth’s
surface called regolith.
the layer of unconsolidated rocky material
covering bedrock
Crust
Ocean Land
ic C rust Continent
Ocea n a l Crust

• Thinnest layer of the Earth that ranges from only 2

miles in some areas of the ocean floor to 75 miles deep
under mountains
• Made up of large amounts of silicon and aluminum
• Crust is laid beneath a plates
 Upper Mantle

Mantle Convection
Currents
Middle
Mantle
Lower Mantle

• Solid but capable of flow (like hot asphalt or fudge)

• Thickest layer of the Earth (making up 70% of the
Earth’s mass)
• The hot material (magma) in the mantle rises to the
top of the mantle, cools, then sinks, reheats, and rises
again. These convection currents cause changes in the
Earth’s surface
 Outer
Core
• Molten (liquid) metal that is about 4,700°C
(8,500°F)
• Located about 1,800 miles beneath the crust and
is about 1,400 miles thick
• Composed of the melted metals nickel and iron
 Inner
Core
• Solid sphere composed mostly of iron
• It is believed to be as hot as 6,650°C (12,000°F)
• Heat in the core is probably generated by the
radioactive decay of uranium and other elements
• It is solid because of the pressure from the outer core,
mantle, and crust compressing it tremendously
 The Atmosphere
The Earth is surrounded by a blanket of air, which
we call the atmosphere.

• The atmosphere consists of five unique layers (the

troposphere, the stratosphere, the mesosphere, the
thermosphere and the exosphere).
• The atmosphere reaches over 560 kilometers (348
miles) up from the surface of the Earth.

The atmosphere is primarily composed of nitrogen

(about 78%) and oxygen (about 21%). Other
components exist in small quantities.
The Atmospheric Composition
 The Troposphere
This is the layer of the atmosphere closest to the
Earth's surface, extending up to about 10-15 km
above the Earth's surface.
•where the temperature reaches a (stable) minimum and
called “thermal layer" or "cold trap" because this is a point
where rising water vapour cannot go higher because it
changes into ice and is trapped. If there is no cold trap, Earth
would loose all its water.
Most of what we call weather occurs in the
troposphere.

It acts like an invisible barrier and is the reason why

most clouds form and weather phenomena occur
within the troposphere.
 Stratosphere
This layer lies directly above the troposphere and is
about 35 km deep. It extends from about 15 to 50 km
above the Earth's surface.

The Ozone Layer: The stratosphere contains a thin

layer of ozone molecules (with three oxygen atoms)
which forms a protective layer shielding life on Earth
from the Sun’s harmful ultraviolet radiation.
Hydrosphere
is the total amount of water on a planet.
includes water that is on the surface of the planet,
underground, and in the air.
can be liquid, vapor, or ice.
liquid water exists on the surface in the form of oceans, lakes
and rivers.
It also exists below ground—as groundwater, in wells and aquifers.
Water vapor is most visible as clouds and fog.
The frozen part of Earth's hydrosphere is made of ice: glaciers, ice
caps and icebergs. The frozen part of the hydrosphere has its own
name, the cryosphere.