ME211: Fluid Mechanics I

Finite Control Volume Analysis

Reynolds –Transport Theorem (RTT)

ME211: Fluid Mechanics I Finite Control Volume Analysis

Reynolds –Transport Theorem (RTT)

ME211: Fluid Mechanics I Finite Control Volume Analysis

Reynolds –Transport Theorem (RTT)

ME211: Fluid Mechanics I Finite Control Volume Analysis

Reynolds –Transport Theorem (RTT)

ME211: Fluid Mechanics I Finite Control Volume Analysis

Reynolds –Transport Theorem (RTT)

ME211: Fluid Mechanics I Finite Control Volume Analysis

Reynolds –Transport Theorem (RTT)

ME211: Fluid Mechanics I Finite Control Volume Analysis

Reynolds –Transport Theorem (RTT)

ME211: Fluid Mechanics I Finite Control Volume Analysis

Reynolds –Transport Theorem (RTT)

ME211: Fluid Mechanics I Finite Control Volume Analysis

Reynolds –Transport Theorem (RTT)

ME211: Fluid Mechanics I Finite Control Volume Analysis

Reynolds –Transport Theorem (RTT)

ME211: Fluid Mechanics I Finite Control Volume Analysis

Reynolds –Transport Theorem (RTT)

ME211: Fluid Mechanics I Finite Control Volume Analysis

Reynolds –Transport Theorem (RTT)

ME211: Fluid Mechanics I Finite Control Volume Analysis

Reynolds –Transport Theorem (RTT)

ME211: Fluid Mechanics I Finite Control Volume Analysis

Reynolds –Transport Theorem (RTT)

ME211: Fluid Mechanics I Finite Control Volume Analysis

Reynolds –Transport Theorem (RTT)

ME211: Fluid Mechanics I Finite Control Volume Analysis

Reynolds –Transport Theorem (RTT)

ME211: Fluid Mechanics I Finite Control Volume Analysis

Reynolds –Transport Theorem (RTT)

ME211: Fluid Mechanics I Finite Control Volume Analysis

 Reynolds –Transport Theorem (RTT)

1. Anchoring Force for the Pipe Bend

FAY  p1, gage A1  p2, gage A2 =

 p1, gage A1  p2, gage A2
ME211: Fluid Mechanics I Finite Control Volume Analysis
Reynolds –Transport Theorem (RTT)
1. Anchoring Force for the Pipe Bend

 p1, gage A1  p2, gage A2

2. Force that the bend puts on the fluid inside

Now the selected CV surrounds only the fluid
within the bend

ME211: Fluid Mechanics I Finite Control Volume Analysis

Reynolds –Transport Theorem (RTT)
We can use the control volume that includes just
the pipe bend (without the fluid inside it) as
shown in Figure

ME211: Fluid Mechanics I Finite Control Volume Analysis

Reynolds –Transport Theorem (RTT)

Please go through section 5.2.3, 5.2.4 and 5.3.5 of Munson as a home assignment

ME211: Fluid Mechanics I Finite Control Volume Analysis

Reynolds –Transport Theorem (RTT)

Energy e may defined as:

For the control volume that is coincident with the system at an instant of time

ME211: Fluid Mechanics I Finite Control Volume Analysis

Reynolds –Transport Theorem (RTT)

Applying RTT to the system mass

Setting B = E & b = e

Where: E  sys
e dV

Substituting the previous equations

ME211: Fluid Mechanics I Finite Control Volume Analysis

Reynolds –Transport Theorem (RTT)

Heat:
The heat transfer rate, represents all of the ways in which energy is exchanged
between the control volume contents and surroundings because of a temperature
difference. Thus, radiation, conduction, and/or convection are possible.

Heat transfer into the control volume is considered positive, heat transfer out is negative.

In many engineering applications, the process is adiabatic; the heat transfer rate, is zero.

The net heat transfer rate, can also be zero when

ME211: Fluid Mechanics I Finite Control Volume Analysis

Reynolds –Transport Theorem (RTT)

Work:
The work transfer rate, also called power, is positive when work is done on the
contents of the control volume by the surroundings. Otherwise, it is considered negative.

Work can be transferred across the control surface in several ways.

1. Shaft Work:
In rotary devices such as turbines, fans, and propellers, a rotating shaft transfers work
across that portion of the control surface that slices through the shaft.

ME211: Fluid Mechanics I Finite Control Volume Analysis

Reynolds –Transport Theorem (RTT)

2. Work due to Normal Stress:

Work transfer can also occur at the control surface when a force associated with fluid
normal stress acts over a distance.

Consider the simple pipe flow illustrated in Fig. and the control volume shown. For this
situation, the fluid normal stress, is simply equal to the negative of fluid pressure, p, in all
directions; that is,

ME211: Fluid Mechanics I Finite Control Volume Analysis

Reynolds –Transport Theorem (RTT)

2. Work due to Normal Stress:

ME211: Fluid Mechanics I Finite Control Volume Analysis

Reynolds –Transport Theorem (RTT)

3. Work due to Shear Stress:

ME211: Fluid Mechanics I Finite Control Volume Analysis

Reynolds –Transport Theorem (RTT)

Now the energy equation takes the following form:

Since

ME211: Fluid Mechanics I Finite Control Volume Analysis

Reynolds –Transport Theorem (RTT)

If the properties within parentheses, and gz, are all assumed to be uniformly
distributed over the flow cross-sectional areas involved, the integration becomes simple and
gives

Furthermore, if there is only one stream entering and leaving the control volume, then

ME211: Fluid Mechanics I Finite Control Volume Analysis

Reynolds –Transport Theorem (RTT)

Furthermore, if there is only one stream entering and leaving the control volume, then

On a time-average basis for flow that is one-dimensional, cyclical, and involves only one stream
of fluid entering and leaving the control volume, above Eq. can be written in the simplified form
as
(5.67)

We call this equations, the one-dimensional energy equation for steady-in-the-mean flow.
Note that this Eq. is valid for incompressible and compressible flows.

(5.69)

ME211: Fluid Mechanics I Finite Control Volume Analysis

Reynolds –Transport Theorem (RTT)

ME211: Fluid Mechanics I Finite Control Volume Analysis

Reynolds –Transport Theorem (RTT)

ME211: Fluid Mechanics I Finite Control Volume Analysis

Reynolds –Transport Theorem (RTT)

17710 ft-lb/s

ME211: Fluid Mechanics I Finite Control Volume Analysis

Reynolds –Transport Theorem (RTT)

ME211: Fluid Mechanics I Finite Control Volume Analysis

Reynolds –Transport Theorem (RTT)
Comparison of the Energy Equation with the Bernoulli Equation
Rewriting energy equation (5.67) for incompressible flow without net shaft work input:

BE can be written as

(5.79)

ME211: Fluid Mechanics I Finite Control Volume Analysis

Reynolds –Transport Theorem (RTT)
Comparison of the Energy Equation with the Bernoulli Equation
Rewriting energy equation (5.67) for incompressible flow with net shaft work input:

&

(5.82)

This is a form of the energy equation for steady-in-the-mean flow that is often used for
incompressible flow problems. It is sometimes called the mechanical energy equation or the
extended Bernoulli equation.

ME211: Fluid Mechanics I Finite Control Volume Analysis

Reynolds –Transport Theorem (RTT)

ME211: Fluid Mechanics I Finite Control Volume Analysis